Microbial activity is known to continue during the winter months in cold alpine and Arctic soils often resulting in high microbial biomass. Complex soil nutrient dynamics characterize the transition when soil temperatures approach and exceed 0 1C in spring. At the time of this transition in alphine soils microbial biomass declines dramatically together with soil pools of available nutrients. Th...

Chromium (Cr), a widespread environmental pollutant, is released from various industries including tanneries, metal cleaning and processing, chromium plating, wood processing, and alloy formation. In the developing as well as in the underdeveloped countries, the industrial effluents are released directly or indirectly into the natural water resources, mostly without proper treatment, posing a m...

Fish and fishery products constitute an important food component for a large section of world population, more so in developing countries, where fish forms a cheap source of protein. In the last two decades there has been an increase in awareness about the nutritional and health benefits of fish consumption. The low fat content of some fish and the presence of poly unsaturated fatty acids in re...

n engl j med 367;23 nejm.org december 6, 2012 2170 ing for MDR­GNRs are desper­ ately needed. Incorporating these fundamen­ tal prevention and control prac­ tices into the daily life of the hospital is difficult, as demon­ strated by persistently low rates of adherence even in the coun­ try’s most prestigious institutions. The Department of Health and Human Services and many orga­ nizations hav...

Introduction 528 Method evaluation 528 Sample collection 530 Isolation methods 530 Preenrichment 530 Enrichment 531 Agar plates 531 Methods for bacterial counts 532 Pathogenic bacteria 533 Campylobacter 533 Clostridium perfringens 536 Listeria 536 Salmonella 537 Spoilage microorganisms 538 Mesotrophic bacteria 538 Psychrotrophic bacteria 539 Yeasts and molds 539 Application of molecular techniq...

PURPOSE Microbial products stimulate the immune system by interacting with Toll-like receptors (TLR) on antigen-presenting cells. This study examined the hypothesis that microbial products, which function as TLR ligands, are playing a major role in triggering pathogenic autoimmunity. METHODS An experimental system was developed in which microbial TLR ligands were tested in vivo for their capa...