This article intends to estimate the optimal value of investment and human capital in R&D sector of Iranian economy using an augmented endogenous growth model. To do so, two issues have been studied. First, an endogenous growth model has been extended to include investment in R&D as an independent variable. In the framework of this model, in order to determine the optimal value of investment an...

This article critiques the idea that the private sector can take the lead in addressing the capital needs of underserved communities, focusing specifically on the emerging domestic markets approach advocated by Milken Institute researchers. This approach has three limitations. First, it treats all underserved communities as interchangeable, ignoring that they differ in important ways in the nat...

ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank Joyashree Roy, Ernst Worrell, Puran Mongia, and Marta Khrushch for their valuable assistance and comments on previous drafts of this paper. Abstract Historical estimates of productivity growth in India's pulp and paper sector vary from indicating an improvement to a decline in the sector's productivity. The variance may be traced to the time p...

improving employment opportunities for people and reducing the economic burden on government requires a broad and concentrated effort on private sectors.  private sector growth is a key engine for creation jobs. the major advantage of private sector is its employment potential at low capital cost. these sectors are the nursery of entrepreurship, often driven by individual creativity and innovat...

the major purpose of this study was to examine the advantages and implications of biogastechnology in the agriculture sector. biogas is one of many biomass energy sources, which includeanything that was once alive and that can generate energy (except for fossil fuels, which are notrenewable). to talk of biogas is to talk of agriculture, since biogas generation starts withagricultural waste prod...

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In recent years, the value-added created in the transportation industry is about 8 percent of GDP of Iran. Due to the high-induced effect of transportation sector on the whole economy, analyzing transportation production function and its determinant is of great value for policymakers. The objective of the present research is to estimate the transportation production for the case of Iran and to ...

The international commitments to reproductive rights are part of an increasingly globalised discourse on social policy. The globalisation of social policy discourse generally is evident both in the growing universalism of social policy agendas, including both the adoption of rights-based approaches and in social sector reform, and in attempts to discover and utilise a global language for social...