BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently conceptualised as a clinical spectrum that results from a ‘multiple-hit’ process which begins with simple steatosis and subsequently renders the hepatocytes susceptible to a variety of insults. Ultimately, more serious liver injuries like non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis may develop. Although the metabolic syndr...

Multiagent learning is a key problem in AI. In the presence of multiple Nash equilibria, even agents with non-conflicting interests may not be able to learn an optimal coordination policy. The problem is exaccerbated if the agents do not know the game and independently receive noisy payoffs. So, multiagent reinforfcement learning involves two interrelated problems: identifying the game and lear...

Today the word "schizophrenia" brings to mind such names as John Nash and Andrea Yates. Nash, the subject of the Oscar-winning film A Beautiful Mind, emerged as a mathematical prodigy and eventually won a Nobel Prize for his early work, but he became so profoundly disturbed by the brain disorder in young adulthood that he lost his academic career and floundered for years before recovering. Yate...

An n-person bargaining situation is two-sided when participants of bargaining are divided into two groups and their preferences over bargained outcomes are exactly opposite to each other. This is so when the issue on the bargaining table is represented by a one dimensional set and people’s preferences are monotonically increasing in one group and monotonically decreasing in the other group. In ...

In this paper, a radio resource sharing scheme for wireless cellular network is investigated to achieve efficiency and fairness among base stations. We propose a credit-token based spectrum sharing algorithm. Game theory is utilized to formulate and analyze the proposed spectrum sharing algorithm. We first discuss the simplest two-base-station game through a graphical method to gain insights fo...

We propose a new concept for the analysis of games, the TASP, which gives a precise prediction about non-equilibrium play in games whose Nash equilibria are mixed and are unstable under fictitious play-like learning processes. We show that, when players learn using weighted stochastic fictitious play and so place greater weight on more recent experience, the time average of play often converges...

and Applied Analysis 3 The Nash equilibrium E is located at the intersection of the two reaction curves which represent the locus of points of vanishingmarginal profits in (5). In the following, we assume that (10) is satisfied, so the Nash equilibrium E exists. The study of the local stability of equilibrium points is based on the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix of the (6): J = [ 1 + 11 1 (...

One paradox of voting states that, in a general election, in which many citizens vote, the probability that a single voter can affect the outcome is so small that in general citizens have no rational reason for voting. However, if all citizens accept this reasoning, then none will vote, and so each vote has a large probability of affecting the outcome. Hence all should vote after all. The adopt...

We consider a general, stable nonlinear dynamic system with N inputs and N outputs, where in the steady state, the output signals represent the non-quadratic payoff functions of a noncooperative game played by the values of the input signals. We introduce a non-model based approach for locally stable convergence to a steady-state Nash equilibrium. In classical game theory algorithms, each playe...

SINCE NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH) became an accepted entity in 1980, its pathogenic mechanisms have remained obscure. Strong associations with central obesity, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia have always suggested NASH is a metabolic disorder (2, 7, 19, 23), and by 2003 the connection to insulin resistance was securely evidence based (6, 21). It has remained unclear, however, why only...