A comprehensive study on the electromechanical behavior of nanoparticle-based resistive strain gauges in action through normal and grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/GISAXS) investigations is presented. The strain gauges were fabricated from arrays of colloidal gold nanoparticle (NP) wires assembled on flexible polyethylene terephthalate and polyimide substrates by convective ...

Vacuum technology is one of the established advanced technologies, of present age, in the field of research and industry. Having numerous applications, in the areas of human activities, one is concerned with a relatively large vacuum chamber where pressure distribution is, usually, not uniform during dynamic gas flow. To minimize the pressure non-uniformities in such chambers, baffles are gener...

Meltwater discharge and electrical conductivity were measured in eight 1 3 1 m lysimeters, and snow accumulation and electrical conductivity of melted samples were measured in snow pits during four snowmelt seasons at Mammoth Mountain, California. The peak snow-water equivalent ranged from 0.57 to 2.92 m over the four melt seasons. Lysimeter discharges ranged from 20% to 205% of the mean flow; ...

Introduction Knowledge of snow parameters is important for climatology, meteorology, hydrology, flood prevention and hydropower industry. Liquid water in a snow pack shows a dominant effect on reflection, absorption and transmission of electromagnetic waves especially in microwave region. Liquid water in snow plays a major role in metamorphism, mechanics and hydrology of snow, and in soil engin...

This paper compares and integrates different strategies to characterize the variability of end-of-winter snow depth and its relationship to topography in ice-wedge polygon tundra of Arctic Alaska. Snow depth was measured using in situ snow depth probes and estimated using groundpenetrating radar (GPR) surveys and the photogrammetric detection and ranging (phodar) technique with an unmanned aeri...

Snow cover is one of the most important variables affecting agriculture, hydrology, and climate, but detailed measurements are not widely available. Therefore, the effectiveness and validity of snow schemes in general circulation models have been difficult to assess. Using long-term snow cover data from the former Soviet Union, this paper focuses on the validation of the snow submodel in the Bi...

Runo€ in glacierized alpine basins results from both seasonal snow cover and glacier melt. In this paper we present a case study for an improved runo€ modelling of the basin Massa-Blatten, 196 km, 1447±4191 m a.s.l. Using high resolution satellite sensors, it is possible to separately map snow cover and glacier areas. From the satellite data we derive depletion curves of snow covered areas in s...

Reasonably simple yet realistic modelling schemes simulating the heat and mass balance within a snow pack are required to provide the necessary boundary conditions for meteorological and hydrological models. An improvement to a one-layer snow energy balance model (UEB, Tarboton et al., 1995) is proposed to better simulate snow surface and snow pack temperatures and, as a result, snowmelt. The m...

899 JUNE 2007 AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY | T he Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) was established in the 1890s to make daily meteorological observations across the United States, primarily for agricultural purposes. The COOP network has since become the backbone of temperature and precipitation data that characterize means, trends, and extremes in U.S. climate. COOP data are routinely us...

Tritiated water was evaluated and used for determining snow and water intake by cattle. This method yielded results comparable to those obtained via simultaneous gravimetric measurement of snow and liquid water intake after adjustments were made for preformed and metabolic water from feed; the correlation coefficient was .96 and the standard error of the estimate was +/- 1.28 kg/day, or +/- 5.8...