In this issue of Cell, Lin et al. (2006) answer one of the long-standing questions in the TGFbeta field by identifying a phosphatase, PPM1A, that directly dephosphorylates Smad2 and Smad3 to limit their activation.

................................................................................................... 5 PUBLICATION LIST........................................................................................6 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................7 1. THE MAMMALIAN OVARY...............................................................

Osteoporosis and other conditions associated with low bone density or quality are highly prevalent, increasing as the population ages increased glucocorticoid use to treat elevated inflammation. There is an unmet need for therapeutics which can target skeletal precursors induce osteoblast differentiation osteogenesis. Genes high mass represent interesting targets manipulation, they could offer ...

Article history: Received 28 September 2016 Accepted 28 September 2016 Available online 3 October 2016 The canonical pathway influences the phosphorylation of SMADs which can modulate gene expression patterns at both preand posttranscription within the cell. This pathway typically inhibits the proliferation of cells, however under SMAD3 deficiency, VSMCs were shown to have increased rates of pr...

The transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b) superfamily of growth factors and cytokines consists of multiple isoforms of TGF-b, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), activins, and many other structurally related proteins in vertebrates. Through the work of many investigators, there is increasing evidence to support a role for members of this family in a broad range of biological processes, including...