introduction: education and training in surgery is in the middle of apprenticeship style of learning especially in operating room with little importance of understanding on how trainees learn. methods: this training is one of the most difficult types of training. medical training and expertise are the specialty of this education system. we can name these complex fields as “operational strategie...

results traditional paradigms of the mentor plotting the career of the mentee may not be possible in the future. in the ever-changing practice of surgery, time constraints are only increasing, making the act of mentoring more difficult. conclusions the mentee or trainee must take a more active role and seek out mentorship, seek out collaboration, be more proactive, and communicate their needs a...

conclusions surgical treatment of spinal deformity in the young regardless of the type of disease, can lead to significant improvements in health-related quality of life, as shown by self-image, psychology, and satisfaction in srs-30 domain scores. demographic data including sex, age, weight, height, and education were not correlated with the outcome. results frequency of underlying diseases wa...

evidence acquisition a systematic literature searching of databases medline, embase, and google scholar was done from 1982 and updated in december 2015. search terms were “cholecystectomy”, “laparoscopic cholecystectomy”, “four port laparoscopic cholecystectomy”, “single-incision laparoscopic surgery”. context laparoscopic approach with its several techniques has become the standard method for ...

Lattice defects and their effects have been pivotal in studies of phase transitions a wide range materials. Introduction such into ferroelectric material through doping secondary elements can be tailored towards specific applications but the mechanism which bulk properties change is seldom scrutinized. Here we study effect systematic La substitution PbZr0.7Ti0.3O3 (PZT 70/30) ceramics whereby a...