of anthrax (7,8). Alternatively, lowgrade sporadic infection may have been ongoing since the 1940s and infrequent stock mortality may not have been investigated for anthrax because of a low local index of suspicion, resulting in environmental contamination The extreme weather conditions in the area may have unearthed spores from undiagnosed carcasses, providing simultaneous exposures on multipl...

S heathless technology has been part of transradial procedures since the 1940s, when Sig Radner first performed transradial catheterization via radial cutdowns. Migration to femoral vascular access by the modified Seldinger approach using sheaths eclipsed the sheathless approach, which subsequently became lost in the fog of history. The transradial era reinvigorated the need for equipment optim...

The Zone System has been the established methodology for precisely gauging and managing contrast in photography since the 1940s. In the contemporary digital era, only a small number of mostly film photographers expose their images according to original Zone technique with its quantitative scale for engaging differences in illumination. Nevertheless the principles and parameters of Zone methodol...

The Macintosh laryngoscope has been the most widely used device for intubation since its invention by Foregger in the 1940s. Recently, video and optic laryngoscopy assisted tracheal intubation has been used widely in patients with difficult airways. Their routine use, however, is not widely practiced. This review will summarize some of the newly available devices to assist tracheal intubation, ...

A significant body of research evidence (70+ studies) available since the 1940s (Short et al. 1944) suggests that fluoride delays the eruption of teeth, thereby merely delaying the development of cavities. This delay has been reported to be anywhere from several months (Tseng et al, 1989) to 2 years (Campagna et al, 1995). This delay in the onset of caries due to a delay in eruption of teeth wi...

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a manifestation of evolution in real-time response to chemical warfare against bacteria through the medicinal and non-therapeutic use antimicrobial agents. Antibiotic resistance, which result fast genetic bacteria, not only contributes worldwide disease outbreaks but also reduces people's ability effectively control significant human illnesses. Since sulfonamid...

Herbicides are an essential tool not only in weed management, but also in conservation tillage approaches to cropping. The first commercial herbicides were released in the 1940s and hundreds more since then, although genetic resistance to them is an issue. Here, we review the experimental and estimated physicochemical properties of 334 successful herbicidal compounds and make available a dynami...