an analytical nonlinear stress-strain model and a microscopic damage index for confined and unconfined concretes together with a macroscopic damage index for reinforced concrete (rc) structures under cyclic loading are proposed. in order to eliminate the problem of scale effect, an adjustable finite element computer program was generated to simulate rc structures subjected to cyclic loading. by...

Restoring altered forest landscapes toward their ranges of natural variability (RNV) may enhance ecosystem sustainability and resiliency, but such efforts can be hampered by complex land ownership and management patterns. We evaluated restoration potential for southern-boreal forests in the 2.1 million ha Border Lakes Region of northern Minnesota (U.S.A.) and Ontario (Canada), where spatially d...

abstract development and evaluation of mitigation strategies are very crucial to manage climate change risk. research objectives of this study were (1) to quantify the response of maize grain yield to potential impacts of climate change and (2) to investigate the effectiveness of changing sowing date of maize as a mitigation option for khorasan province which is located in northeast of iran. tw...