It is well-known that the blood properties change with seasons, and especially many reports in respect to change in water content have been made. For example, Kuroda (1) reported that the water content in blood increases in summer, while it decreases in winter. The fact can be explained by the view of Bazett (2), Sjostrand (3), Yoshimura and others (4) that the circulating blood volume, especia...

Occupational exposure to blood and body fluids is an important hazard for health care workers, which places them at a high risk for blood-borne infections including hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus and results in psychological and emotional stresses. Several preventive measures have been proposed including pre-exposure (e.g., education, use of standard preca...

Analysis of protein expression and abundance provides a possibility to extend the current knowledge on disease-associated processes and pathways. The human brain is a complex organ and dysfunction or damage can give rise to a variety of neurological diseases. Although many proteins potentially reflecting disease progress are originating from brain, the scarce availability of human tissue materi...

BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that play an important role in regulating various biological processes through their interaction with cellular messenger RNAs. Extracellular miRNAs in serum, plasma, saliva, and urine have recently been shown to be associated with various pathological conditions including cancer. METHODS With the goal of assessing the distribution of miR...

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S.P.L. Sgrensen not only introduced the p H concept, but in his classical paper from 1909 “Enzymstudien 11” he also described in great detail the colorimetric as well as the potentiometric methods for p H measurement, and he pointed out that two kinds of acidity must be distinguished: Actual acidity and titratable acidity. Previous to Sgrensen the acidity of a solution was usually determined by...

This paper considers the problem of liquid flow simulated in a tube using a simplified graphics model capable of fast rendering. A liquid model is represented by a set of particles whose position, speed and acceleration are derived from Navier-Stockes equations. The equations are solved by explicit numerical integration in discrete time steps. Finally, each particle used in the model is represe...

The relative volumes of major body fluids of freshwater and marine sharks are remarkably similar in spite of the differences in external medium and in osmotic pressure of body fluids. The small differences detected are in agreement with differences reported in comparisons of freshwater and marine teleosts: a slightly higher total water content and a smiller ratio of extracellular to intracellul...

Biosensors are being developed to provide rapid, quantitative, diagnostic information to clinicians in order to help guide patient treatment, without the need for centralised laboratory assays. The success of glucose monitoring is a key example of where technology innovation has met a clinical need at multiple levels – from the pathology laboratory all the way to the patient's home. However, fe...