Three-dimensional structures of S100B, S100A1, S100A6 and S100A11 have shown that calcium binding to these proteins results in a conformational change allowing them to interact with many biological targets. The structures of some S100 proteins in the presence of peptide targets from Ndr kinase, p53, CapZ, annexins A1 and A2 and the Siah-1 Interacting Protein indicate there are at least three mo...

Brevetoxins (PbTx) are a well-recognized group of neurotoxins associated with harmful algal blooms, and specifically recurrent “Florida Red Tides,” in marine waters that linked to impacts on both human ecosystem health including well-documented “fish kills” mammal mortalities affected coastal waters. Understanding mechanisms pathways PbTx toxicity enables identification relevant biomarkers bett...