The orographic gravity wave drag produced in flow over an axisymmetric mountain when both vertical wind shear and non-hydrostatic effects are important was calculated using a semi-analytical two-layer linear model, including unidirectional or directional constant wind shear in a layer near the surface, above which the wind is constant. The drag behaviour is determined by partial wave reflection...

(2005). Focusing of an inertia-gravity wave packet by a baroclinic shear flow. Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online's data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. Abstract We investigate the interaction of a small-amplitude internal gravit...

recordings of ambient noise or microtremors are increasingly used to find valuable information on soil in one dimension at a given site. ambient vibrations, which are assumed to be mainly composed of surface waves, can be used to determine the surface wave dispersion curve in order to retrieve shear wave velocity profile. in this regard, microtremors are usually recorded simultaneously in an ar...

called maximum shear modulus, Gmax. It can be determined by in-situ methods from the measurements of the shear wave velocity, Vs, by means of crosshole, down-hole, up-hole, or surface wave testing. The relationship between maximum shear modulus and shear wave velocity is rigorous: 2 max s G V    where ρ is soil density. This parameter can be also obtained in laboratory by resonant column or ...

Discrete element modelling (DEM) of a face-centred cubic assembly of spherical particles has been used to study the influence of anisotropic stress states on the shear wave velocity of a granular material. The shear waves were generated and detected in a way equivalent to the use of bender elements in laboratory testing. Comparisons are presented between the discrete element simulations and ana...

the strong ground motions recorded during the 2002 avaj earthquake have been used to estimates wave attenuation, qβ, and spectral decay parameter, κ, for the avaj region. qβ for shear wave is estimatedas a function of frequency in the range of 0.6- 18 hz. the results show that qβ increases with frequency in theform of qβ=62.7 f 0.9. our estimates are within the estimated range for different par...

The weakness of democratic institutions represents the core problem faced by processes of democratic consolidation. The present paper, which confines its attention exclusively to party systems, starts by diagnosing a double deficit. First, the concept of institutional ‘underdevelopment’ appears to be somewhat underdeveloped itself. It requires further clarification and elaboration. Second, the ...