Shape-memory alloys are metal pieces that "remember" their original cold-forged shapes and return to the pre-deformed shape after heating. In this work we construct a software analogous of shape-memory alloys: programs whose code resists obfuscation. We show how to pour arbitrary functions into protective envelops that allow recovering the functions' exact initial code after obfuscation. We exp...

Shape memory alloy offer an interesting solution, using the shape transformation of the wire/structure in the moment of applying a thermal type transformation able to offer the martensitic temperature. In order to assure an efficient control of SMA actuator applied to inverted pendulum, a mathematical model and numerical simulation of the resulting model is required. Due a particular possibilit...

Measuring the state variables of systems actuated by shape memory alloys (SMAs) is normally a difficult task because of the small diameter of the SMA wires. In such cases, as an alternative, observers are used to estimate the state vector. This paper presents an extended Kalman filter (EKF) for estimation of the state variables of a single-degree-of-freedom rotary manipulator actuated by an SMA...

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This study compares the performance of two smart isolation systems that utilize superelastic shape memory alloys (SMAs) for seismic protection of bridges using energy balance concepts. The first isolation system is a SMA/rubber-based isolation system (SRB-IS) and consists of a laminated rubber bearing that decouples the superstructure from the bridge piers and a SMA device that provides additio...

In this paper, hysteretic behavior modeling, system identification and control of a mechanism that is actuated by shape memory alloy (SMA) wires are presented. The mechanism consists of two airfoil plates and the rotation angle between these plates can be changed by SMA wire actuators. This mechanism is used to identify the unknown parameters of a hysteresis model. Prandtl–Ishlinskii method is ...

The martensitic–austenitic phase transformation of a polycrystalline shape memory alloys (SMA) occurs gradually over a range of temperatures even though the monocrystal undergoes a first-order transition (at a single temperature). Factors such as material inhomogeneities and internal stresses in a polycrystal are believed to cause the spread in transformation temperatures. In this work, we assu...

Shape memory alloy (SMA) based actuators have a number of attributes which make them useful for robotic applications. Unfortunately their response is relatively slow, being limited by the speed with which the SMA can be heated and cooled. This paper describes two novel developments of the basic SMA actuator which improve dynamic performance. To allow rapid heating of the shape memory alloy wire...