abstract   background: the survival curves generally have been used for analysis of cell survival under stress conditions. they depict the relationship between the fraction of cells retaining their reproductive integrity and the absorbed dose. the median lethal dose, lethal concentration, 50% (lc 50 ) of a  toxin ,  radiation , or  pathogen  is the  dose required to kill half the members of a t...

The performance of opt imum vector quantizers subject to a conditional entropy constraint is studied in this paper. This new class of vector quantizers was originally suggested by Chou and Lookabaugh. A locally optimal design of this kind of vector quantizer can be accompl ished through a general ization of the well-known entropy-constrained vector quantizer (ECVQ) algorithm. This general izati...

in this paper we introduce the concept of entropy operator for continuous systems of finite topological entropy. it is shown that it generates the kolmogorov entropy as a special case. if $phi$ is invertible then the entropy operator is bounded with the topological entropy of $phi$ as its norm.

The Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy in the sense of Tsallis under Bernoulli shifts was obtained by Mesón and Vericat [J. Math. Phys. 37, 4480(1996)]. In this paper, we propose a revised generalized Kolmogorov-Sinai-q entropy under Markov shifts. The form of this generalized entropy with factor q is nonextensive. The new generalized entropy contains the classical Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy and Renýı entr...

Hawking's radiance, even as computed without account of backreaction, departs from blackbody form due to the mode dependence of the barrier penetration factor. Thus the radiation is not the maximal entropy radiation for given energy. By comparing estimates of the actual entropy emission rate with the maximal entropy rate for the given power, and using standard ideas from communication theory, w...

We study how to extract randomness from a C-interleaved source, that is, a source comprised of C independent sources whose bits or symbols are interleaved. We describe a simple approach for constructing such extractors that yields: • For some δ > 0, c > 0, explicit extractors for 2-interleaved sources on {0, 1} when one source has min-entropy at least (1 − δ)n and the other has min-entropy at l...

Leakage through microscale or nanoscale cracks is usually hard to observe, difficult to control, and causes significant economic loss. In the present research, the leakage in a pipe was evaluated by the virtual entropy generation (VEG) method. In virtual entropy generation method, the “measured entropy generation” is forced to follow the “experimental second law of thermodynamics”. Taking the l...

Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is defined as the variations between consecutive instantaneous heart rates that occur in the heart as a consequence of a complex internal dynamic balance. Nonlinear analysis of HRV is helpful to assess the cardiac health noninvasively. Approximate Entropy and Sample Entropy are mathematical algorithms to measure the predictability or repeatability with in a time ser...

True random number generators (TRNGs) are essential for cryptographic systems, and they are usually evaluated by the concept of entropy. In general, the entropy of a TRNG is estimated from its stochastic model, and reflected in the statistical results of the generated raw bits. Oscillator-based TRNGs are widely used in practical cryptographic systems due to its elegant structure, and its stocha...