The classical interpretation of probability together with the Principle of Indifference are formulated in terms of probability measure spaces in which the probability is given by the Haar measure. A notion called Labeling Irrelevance is defined in the category of Haar probability spaces, it is shown that Labeling Irrelevance is violated and Bertrand’s Paradox is interpreted as the very proof of...

We propose to develop a formal model of information representation and processing in the part of the neocortex that is mostly concerned with visual information. This model will open new horizons in a well-principled way in the fields of artificial and biological vision as well as in computational neuroscience. Specifically the goal is to develop a universally accepted formal framework for descr...

An artificial neural network was trained to classify musical chords into four categories—major, dominant seventh, minor, or diminished seventh—independent of musical key. After training, the internal structure of the network was analyzed in order to determine the representations that the network was using to classify chords. It was found that the first layer of connection weights in the network...

Two strains of Vibrio cholerae are currently significant in cholera: a remnant from the sixth pandemic (1899-1923) still present in South Asia and the seventh pandemic strain which emerged in 1961. The 1990s were marked by spread of the seventh pandemic to South America in 1991 and appearance of an O139 form of the seventh pandemic strain in 1992 (or possibly 1991), which in 1993 predominated i...

The aim of this paper is to solve the second order neutral delay differential equations (NDDEs) based on seventh C3-spline collocation methods with three parameters c1, c2, c3 ∈ (0, 1). It is shown that the proposed methods for second order NDDEs possess a convergence rate of order seven if : 1− c1 − c2 − c3 + c1c2 + c1c3 + c2c3 − 2c1c2c3 ≤ 0. Numerical results illustrating the behavior of the ...

OBJECTIVES This study aims to examine the effects of dental implant surgery on vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) responses. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between October 2012 and October 2014, a total of 60 consecutive patients undergoing dental implant surgery at Başkent University Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology were included in the study. The control group consisted of 40 heal...