T wo grains, common (proso or broomcorn) millet (Panicum miliaceum) (Fig. 1) and foxtail millet (Setaria italica), were fundamental to the development of agricultural societies that eventually evolved into the first urban societies of China between 4500 and 3800 calibrated years (cal.) B.P. (1). Today, these grains are important mainly in parts of Russia, South Asia, and East Asia. How, when, a...

Abstract. Millet agriculture, i.e., broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and foxtail (Setaria italica), initially originated in northern China provided the basis for emergence of first state Central Plains. However, owing to lack a comprehensive archaeobotanical dataset, when, where, how these two types evolved across different regions periods remains unclear. Here, we presented dataset macrore...