Based on the analysis of methods constructing historical narratives, article examines problem relationship between research strategies (realism/constructivism) and responsibility author narrative for his product. It is argued that constructivist strategy provides most promising way to solve problem, since it involves production statements in first person as a separate tradition from innovation....

despite some stable factors in iran’s foreign policy , it has changed dramatically toward israel after the islamic revolution in iran. it was the case while these two countries had intensive strategic military and even economic relations before the islamic revolution. the main question this article seeks to answer is that among ir theory which of them can better explain this change in iran’s fo...

Effective teaching with technology in adult education stems from many factors. Technology is only used to enhance learning. Not only are teachers of adult learners required to study the tools related to the use of technology, but are also required to study the nature of knowledge, the nature of learning, constructivism and various kinds of teaching philosophies. Without thorough knowledge of th...

This paper provides a brief overview of constructivist learning theory and explores its implications for instruction in terms of the design of online learning environments that are learner-centered, knowledgecentered, assessment-centered, and community centered. It then presents a model for organizing thinking about technology-mediated learning within a social constructivist frame. The RCET mod...

and other participants in the CAEG project for their helpful comments on earlier versions. Some of the ideas in this paper were first developed in work written jointly with David Laitin.

It has been argued that positivist and constructivist ontologies are irreconcilable. According to LINCOLN and GUBA (2000), positivism’s "naive realism" holds that reality is both "real" and "apprehendable," whereas constructivism maintains that meaning is generated by individuals and groups. This analysis implies that the quantitative and qualitative methodologies associated with positivism and...