Effective regulation of water balance in plants requires localized extracellular barriers that control water and solute movement. We describe a clade of five Arabidopsis thaliana ABCG half-transporters that are required for synthesis of an effective suberin barrier in roots and seed coats (ABCG2, ABCG6, and ABCG20) and for synthesis of an intact pollen wall (ABCG1 and ABCG16). Seed coats of abc...

The formation of high-density zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods on porous silicon (PS) substrates at growth temperatures of 600–1000 °C by a simple thermal evaporation of zinc (Zn) powder in the presence of oxygen (O2) gas was systematically investigated. The high-density growth of ZnO nanorods with (0002) orientation over a large area was attributed to the rough surface of PS, which provides appropria...

-1,3-Glucanase ( Glu) expression in seeds plays important roles in the regulation of seed germination, dormancy and in the defence against seed pathogens. A thick -1,3-glucan layer is typical for the seed envelope of cucurbitaceous species, confers seed semipermeability and is degraded during germination. In many species with coat-imposed dormancy, the seed envelope confers a physical constrain...

Despite substantial evidence on the essential roles of cell wall invertase (CWIN) in seed filling, it remains largely unknown how CWIN exerts its regulation early in seed development, a critical stage that sets yield potential. To fill this knowledge gap, we systematically examined the spatial and temporal expression patterns of a major CWIN gene, GhCWIN1, in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seeds f...

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of noncoding RNA important in posttranscriptional regulation of target genes. The regulation mechanism requires complementarity between target mRNA and the miRNA region responsible for their recognition and binding, also called the seed region. It has been estimated that each miRNA targets approximately 200 genes and genetic variability of miRNA genes has been associ...

In grazed habitats is a tradeoff between competition (decreases with the grazing intensity) and disturbance (increases). This may give tradeoffs between plant life stages. The seed production can be assumed to decrease at high disturbance intensities because of herbivory of reproductive organs, but also at high levels of competition (low grazing intensity) because of resource limitation. The es...

Today, military and commercial Spread Spectrum and CDMA transmission systems argue with security on the physical layer based on the secrecy of the seed values of static secure (and insecure) pseudorandom noise generators (PRNG). This should prevent eavesdropping and jamming [1, 2]. Confidentiality, data integrity and authenticity are usually realized in higher protocol layers [3]. Nevertheless,...