Fungi produce a wide range of secondary metabolites such as antibiotics, toxins, alkaloids, fatty acids, ketones and alcohols during active cell growth. The present study was aimed to identify secondary metabolites from some Penicillium species, using GC-MS. Many important compounds such as 3-oxoquinuclidine in Penicillium jenseii, formamidine in Penicillium pusillum, orcinol and 1,3,8-p-mentha...

The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved kinase cascade involved in the control of tissue homeostasis, cellular differentiation, proliferation, and organ size, regulated by cell-cell contact, apical cell polarity, mechanical signals. Miss-regulation this can lead to cancer. acts through inhibition transcriptional coactivators YAP TAZ phosphorylation. Among various signaling mechanisms c...

Signal transduction via phospholipids is mediated by phospholipases such as phospholipase C (PLC) and D (PLD), which catalyze hydrolysis of plasma membrane structural phospholipids. Phospholipid signaling is also involved in plant responses to phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA). The relationships between phospholipid signaling, SA, and secondary metabolism are not fully understood. Using...

The mouse hair coat comprises protective "primary" and thermo-regulatory "secondary" hairs. Primary hair formation is ectodysplasin (Eda) dependent, but it has been puzzling that Tabby (Eda(-/y)) mice still make secondary hair. We report that Dickkopf 4 (Dkk4), a Wnt antagonist, affects an auxiliary pathway for Eda-independent development of secondary hair. A Dkk4 transgene in wild-type mice ha...

Mechanosensing is a key feature through which organisms can receive inputs from the environment and convert them into specific functional behavioral outputs. Mechanosensation occurs in many cells tissues, regulating plethora of molecular processes based on distribution forces stresses both at cell membrane intracellular organelles levels, complex interactions between cells’ microstructures, cyt...

Plant cortical microtubule arrays determine the cell wall deposition pattern and proper cell shape and function. Although various microtubule-associated proteins regulate the cortical microtubule array, the mechanisms underlying marked rearrangement of cortical microtubules during xylem differentiation are not fully understood. Here, we show that local Rho of Plant (ROP) GTPase signaling target...

ganoderma lucidum is one of the most well-known fungi, and has many applications in medicine. ganoderic acid is among the valuable secondary metabolites of ganoderma lucidum, and responsible for the inhibition of the tumor cell growth and cancer treatment. application of ganoderic acid has been limited because of low yields of its production from ganoderma lucidum. the present study aims to inv...