The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. Unemployment has remained high in the Philippines, at almost twice the level of neighboring countries, despite relatively fast employment gro...

Article History Received: 9 January 2017 Revised: 15 February 2017 Accepted: 28 February 2017 Published: 13 March 2017

Every journal finds its fundamentals in the course of time by the validity and originality of its published literature. This is validated if authors keep diligence and honesty when they conduct their research and submit their work in a journal. But at times what comes out of a scientific research is not always valid and reliable because there has not been an appropriate control on the work or r...

This paper evaluates (1) whether the exogenous component of "nancial intermediary development in#uences economic growth and (2) whether cross-country di!erences in legal and accounting systems (e.g., creditor rights, contract enforcement, and accounting standards) explain di!erences in the level of "nancial development. Using both traditional cross-section, instrumental variable procedures and ...

False bad news about population growth, natural resources, and the environment is published widely in the face of contradictory evidence. For example, the world supply of arable land has actually been increasing, the scarcity of natural resources including food and energy has been decreasing, and basic measures of U.S. environmental quality show positive trends. The aggregate data show no long-...

Viktor Hamburger [5] was an embryologist who focused on neural development [6]. His scientific career stretched from the early 1920s as a student of Hans Spemann [7] to the late 1980s at Washington University [8] resolving the role of nerve growth factor [9] in the life of neurons. Hamburger is noted for his systematic approach to science and a strict attention to detail. Throughout his life he...

In Brazil, a system was created on 1951 with the objectives of improving technology and innovation and strengthening scientific research.2,3 Similar to postgraduate doctorate programs in developed countries, postgraduate programs with broader and more in-depth scientific research objectives have been developed in Brazil.4 In fact, a linear relationship has been demonstrated between the number o...