BACKGROUND AND AIMS Corner's rule states that thicker twigs bear larger leaves. The exact nature of this relationship and why it should occur has been the subject of numerous studies. It is obvious that thicker twigs should support greater total leaf area ([Formula: see text]) for hydraulical and mechanical reasons. But it is not obvious why mean leaf size ([Formula: see text]) should scale pos...

The allometric relationship between body mass and gonad mass in males of 23 fish species from 11 families was examined. There was no evidence of a single allometry for all fishes. A cross species analysis suggested a scaling coefficient of 1 04, which was significantly different from a previous study that reported a scaling coefficient of 0 904. A within species analysis generated scaling coeff...

A new methodology is introduced for designing and tuning the scaling gains of the conventional fuzzy logic controller (FLC) based on its well-tuned linear counterpart. The conventional FLC with a linear rule base is very similar to its linear counterpart. The linear three-term controller has proportional, integral and/or derivative gains. Similarly, the conventional fuzzy three-term controller ...

Numerous studies linking periodontitis and cardiovascular disease have been observed. We used a treatment intervention model to study the relationship between periodontitis and peripheral blood. We studied 37 subjects (M:F, 16:21, in age group 23-40 years) with severely periodontitis requiring scaling and root planning. Blood samples were obtained: (1) at initial presentation, (2) after 3 weeks...

The log-energy parameter, as an auxiliary but influential feature, has been commonly used to augment Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) to improve the recognition accuracy in automatic speech recognition (ASR). In this paper, a new and effective scaling approach named log-energy scaling normalization (LESN), which utilizes special nonlinear scaling functions on noisy speech data for lo...

Tree growth, especially diameter growth of tree stems, is an important issue for understanding the productivity and dynamics of forest stands. Metabolic scaling theory predicted that the 2/3 power of stem diameter at a certain time is a linear function of the 2/3 power of the initial diameter and that the diameter growth rate scales to the 1/3 power of the initial diameter. We tested these pred...

We describe a generalized scale-redundant wavelet transform which approximates a dense sampling of the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) in both time and scale. The dyadic scaling requirement of the usual wavelet transform is relaxed in favor of an approximate scaling relationship which in the case of a Gaussian scaling function is known to be asymptotically exact and irrational. This scheme y...

We derive a scaling relationship for the mean square rotation rate of rods with lengths in the inertial range in turbulence: ∝ l(-4/3). We present experimental measurements of the rotational statistics of neutrally buoyant rods with lengths 2.8<l/η<72.9, and find that the measurements approach the predicted scaling. The approach to inertial range scaling is shown to be more complex t...

Food webs can be regarded as energy transporting networks in which the weight of each edge denotes the energy flux between two species. By investigating 21 empirical weighted food webs as energy flow networks, we found several ubiquitous scaling behaviors. Two random variables A(i) and C(i) defined for each vertex i, representing the total flux (also called vertex intensity) and total indirect ...