The temporal variability of rainfall and raindrop processes is examined at time scales ranging from less than 1 minute to 1 hour. Raindrop processes are represented in terms of drop arrival rate, mean diameter and coe cient of variation of drop diameter and modeled as time-varying stochastic processes. It is shown that rainfall rate and accumulated rainfall have simple and accurate representati...

This paper presents an experimental investigation of convective heat transfer coefficient for nanofluids using spiral pipe heat exchanger. The aim of this study is to investigate experimentally flow and convective heat transfer characteristics of water-based nanofluids flowing through a spiral pipe. The test section consist of spiral pipe with ratio pitch per diameter is 7.0 and mean hydraulic ...

The main objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive model for spray atomization under the consideration flash boiling, which includes nucleation, bubble growth, and droplet breakup. Although boiling has been previously studied, there still no well-established analytical numerical their mechanisms, or general guidelines on implementation strategy. In study, detailed formulations are e...

This paper studies two one-dimensional models to estimate the pressure drop in the normal human biliary system for Reynolds number up to 20. Excessive pressure drop during bile emptying and refilling may result in incomplete bile emptying, leading to stasis and subsequent formation of gallbladder stones. The models were developed following the group's previous work on the cystic duct using nume...

Fuel spray characteristics influence combustion, which in turn has a direct impact on engine performance and emissions. Recently, there been an increasing interest novel castor oil biodiesel. However, few investigations have performed that combine both numerical experimental biodiesel analyses. Hence, this paper, we aim to explore the behavior of jatropha by employing methods under non-evaporat...