Besides the difficulty of assessing an existing timber structure on site, the efficiency and accuracy of visual inspection is often compromised by its subjective nature inherited by the level of expertise of the inspector. This often leads to conservative predictions of the mechanical properties, even with the use of specific visual grading norms. The main objectives of this work are to assess ...

FIFTY years ago sanitary engineering in this country scarcely existed, even in name. The larger cities were provided with public water supplies and there was a general desire among sanitarians to supply water free from filth. Sewers in combination with storm water drains.had been built in the larger communities to a limited extent for several decades. Some of the more progressive engineers were...

been received from Dr. Egeling, the Chief Inspector of Health for the Province of South Holland, wo learn that the city of Rotterdam is about to obtain a supply of water from the Maas, which is to be filtered through sand and gravel prior to its delivery for consumption. This will be a great boon to the city, considering its present position in that respect; but the authorities would do wisely ...

We gladly renew acquaintance in this second edition of Sir John Simon's English Sanitary Institutions with this fascinating and instructive history of human sanitary endeavour. The successful writer on matters of universal history must be a man of wide knowledge and of broad mind, able to sift and choose, to prune and criticise, and to weave the disconnected threads of record and tradition into...

1. This service should be on an equal footing with the Provincial Medical Service, i.e., the health officers should be gazetted officers and should enjoy all the rights and privileges of a Government servant as regards leave, pension, &c. 2. The health officers should be absolutely independent of the Municipal Commissioners and should be vested with both administrative and executive powers. The...

The role of sanitation in performance of insecticidal bait stations containing 0.5% chlorpyrifos against the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), was investigated in residential premises. Test sites were chosen from three locations in Penang Island, Malaysia, and clustered according to their sanitary conditions. Results indicated that at 1-week post-treatment, houses with good sanita...

Although Dickens is still known as having been a highly visible supporter of England's well-known nineteenth-century sanitary movement, he became, in fact, deeply troubled by many of this movement's fundamental tenets, as evidenced by journal narratives on fever that he edited and wrote in the mid-nineteenth century. Rather than water and sewer engineering works and a sanitary regime policed by...