Field-collected 4th-instar Glyptotendipes paripes larvae from a natural lake in central Florida preferred small-sized (< 0.84-1.99-mm-diam) grains of sand to burrow in and make cases in the laboratory. The larvae buried or formed cases within 3 h of introduction into 120-ml paper cups containing 80 ml tap water and 20 g of the small-diameter sand. When placed in sand with grains of different si...

We provide the first formal foundation of SAND attack trees which are a popular extension of the well-known attack trees. The SAND attack tree formalism increases the expressivity of attack trees by introducing the sequential conjunctive operator SAND. This operator enables the modeling of ordered events. We give a semantics to SAND attack trees by interpreting them as sets of series-parallel g...

We have performed an experimental study on the evolution of sand ripples formed under the action of an oscillatory flow. An annular sand-water cell was used in order to investigate a wide range of parameters. The sand ripples follow an irreversible condensation mechanism from small to large wavelength until a final state is reached. The wavelength and the shape of these stable sand patterns are...

Instability of liquefaction is one of the major reasons which results in the failure of earth structure such as dam. The present study focuses on the simulation of static liquefaction behavior for granular materials such as sand and sand-silt mixtures. Based on micromechanical analysis of inter-particle behavior, a simple one-scale model is proposed to simulate the stress-strain response of san...

Denitrification experiments have provided data showing the pitfalls and successes in developing a sustainable injection/extraction system in a sand and gravel aquifer. Experiments increase in complexity from continuous injection at one well to automated-pulsed eight well injections. In both continuous and pulsed injection of organic carbon, 40 mg NO3-N l–1 was reduced below the detection limit ...

The presence of lizards in bromeliads has been widely documented. Nevertheless, the possibility of some type of preference or specificity among lizards for particular bromeliad species has not yet been investigated. Therefore, this study aims to document the presence of Abronia oaxacae in six species of tank bromeliads found in pine forests, pine-live oak forests, and live oak groves during bot...

Plant diversityis essential to maintain the health of planet's ecosystems. Conservation of biodiversity is necessary for the ecological stability and productivity in natural ecosystems. The aim of this research was to study the biodiversity and richness of plant species (including trees, shrubs and grasses) related to the environmental factors (soil and physiography) in the forests of Zagros, w...

Recent studies of beach sand fecal contamination have triggered interest among scientists and in the media. Although evidence shows that beach sand can harbor high concentrations of fecal indicator organisms, as well as fecal pathogens, illness risk associated with beach sand contact is not well understood. Beach visitors at 7 US beaches were enrolled in the National Epidemiological and Environ...

A novel hydrophilic polyurethane (abbreviated as W-OH) was developed and applied as a sustainable sand-fixing material. This paper on the chemical sand fixation mechanism of W-OH discusses the adhesive force between the W-OH solid and sand particles. The solidification mechanism was investigated and the solidifying time was tested. And then the thickness and porosity of the W-OH sand-fixing lay...