Typhoid fever due to multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is a global public health problem, with an estimated 30 million cases and 600,000 deaths annually (7). Since the beginning of the 1990s, there has been an increasing prevalence of multidrug resistance to the first-line antimicrobials, such as chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and co-trimoxazole, shifting the drug of choice fo...

Nepal is having a series of enteric fever epidemics over the last decade1,2 with changing resistance patterns.3 The fi rst report of multidrug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Nepal was published in 1991.4 In the following years, with the introduction of fl uoroquinolones in the treatment, nalidixic acid-resistant strains associated with reduced susceptibility to fl oroquinolones ...

Biofilms have been widely implicated in chronic infections and environmental persistence of Salmonella enterica, facilitating enhanced colonization of surfaces and increasing the ability of the bacteria to be transmitted to new hosts. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi biofilm formation on gallstones from humans and mice enhances gallbladder colonization and bacterial shedding, while Salmonella ...

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi can colonize the gallbladder and persist in an asymptomatic carrier state that is frequently associated with the presence of gallstones. We have shown that salmonellae form bile-mediated biofilms on human gallstones and cholesterol-coated surfaces in vitro. Here, we test the hypothesis that biofilms on cholesterol gallbladder stones facilitate typhoid carriage ...

A retrospective study that involves the analysis of laboratory diagnostic data collected during the period 1996-2006 was conducted. A total of 3417 Salmonella isolations involving 183 different serotypes was recorded from 1999-2006, inclusive, at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, South Africa. The most common serotypes were Salmonella enterica subspecies ent...

Salmonella enterica infections result in diverse clinical manifestations. Typhoid fever, caused by S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and S. Paratyphi A, is a bacteremic illness but whose clinical features differ from other Gram-negative bacteremias. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars cause self-limiting diarrhea with occasional secondary bacteremia. Primary NTS bacteremia can occur in t...

In 1994, the Judicial Commission of the ICSB announced that Le Minor and Popoff's Request for an Opinion in 1987 to designate Salmonella enterica sp. nov., nom. rev. as the type and only species of the genus Salmonella was denied. Thus, the current species of the genus Salmonella are Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella choleraesuis (including six subspec...

A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was developed for the identification of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Three sets of primers were designed for detecting O4, H:i, and H:1,2 antigen genes from the antigen-specific genes rfbJ, fliC, and fljB, respectively. These were evaluated in a multiplex PCR assay by using DNAs from S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, 15 other Salmonel...

T h e t e r m ‘ e n t e r i c f e v e r ’ ( E F ) i n c l u d e s t y p h o i d a n d p a r a t y p h o i d f e ve r s . T y p h o i d f e v e r i s c a u s e d b y a G r a m negat ive organism, Salmonel la enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (Salmonella typhi), whereas paratyphoid fever is caused by any of the three serovars of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica, namely S. paratyph...