At least since Arrow (1962), economists have believed that strong property rights are necessary for firms to invest in innovation. This belief was a key principle underlying the Bayh-Dole Act, which gave universities the right to own and license federally funded inventions, because the commercialization of university inventions requires private firm investment in development, given the early st...

INTRODUCTION Point-of-sale advertising provides an opportunity for the tobacco industry to communicate with current and potential smokers. The US Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act allows states to implement policies requiring that tobacco products be placed out of sight, and the Food and Drug Administration is considering banning point-of-sale advertising within 1,000 feet of sc...

one of the non- judicial enforcements which is addressed by some legal systems in order to preserving rights of a contracting party against breach of obligation of other party, is the right for sale of goods in self-help type by the damaged party .this enforcements was predicted and addressed in both vienna convention for international sale of goods and iranian legal system. but it is still unk...

Abstract. The operational advantages of electrodynamic tethers of moderate length are becoming evident from studies of collision avoidance. Although long tethers (of order of 10 kilometers) provide high efficiency and good adaptability to varying plasma conditions, boosting tethers of moderate length (~ 1 kilometer) and suitable design might still operate at acceptable efficiencies and adequate...

1 31 U.S.C. 5311. 2 31 U.S.C. 5318(h). 3 See Treasury Order 180–01 (Sept. 26, 2002). 4 On October 26, 2010, FinCEN issued a final rule creating a new Chapter X in title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations for the BSA regulations. See 75 FR 65806 (October 26, 2010) (Transfer and Reorganization of Bank Secrecy Act Regulations Final Rule) (referred to herein as the ‘‘Chapter X Final Rule’’). The...

one of the most important dimention of the industrial structure is the concentration. in order to determine concentration in iranian industries from 2000 to 2005, the 5-firm concentration ratio is used in terms of sale value, production, value added and employment variables. the results indicate high correlation among concentration ratios in terms of sale, employment, value added and production...

although the right for intellectual property as a branch of legal sciences is absolutely recognized in the world, there is dispute among jurists and lawyers with regard to even some of its primary problems, such as sale of such properties in our country. surveying some conditions of sale contract which seem controversial at a glance, such as necessity of object of sale being subjective, and exp...

with the development of e-commerce in the recent couple of decades, one of the newly-emerged subjects in global communications and virtual space is hoarding in e-commerce. hoarding is entailing the common essential commodities in order to expect the prices to increase; and in jurisprudence its scope is limited to the four cereals, oil, and edible oil. entailing and storage of public essential n...