Recent years have seen significant advances in dynamic software updating (DSU) systems, which allow programs to be patched on the fly. Most DSU systems employ automatic safety checks to avoid applying a patch if doing so may lead to incorrect behavior. This paper presents what we believe is the first comprehensive empirical evaluation of the two most significant DSU safety checks: activeness sa...

Advances in science and innovative technologies are providing new opportunities to develop test methods and strategies that may improve safety assessments and reduce animal use for safety testing. These include high throughput screening and other approaches that can rapidly measure or predict various molecular, genetic, and cellular perturbations caused by test substances. Integrated testing an...

Today software is core part of modern automobiles. The amount, complexity and importance of software components within Electrical/Electronics (E/E) systems of modern cars is only increasing with time. Several automotive functions carrying software provide or interact with safety critical systems such as systems steering and braking and thus assuring functional safety for such systems is of high...

In Java, an interface specifies public abstract methods and associated public constants. Conformance of a class to an interface is by name. We propose to allow structural conformance to interfaces as well: Any class that provides an implementation for each method in an interface conforms structurally to the interface, and any instance of the class can be used where a value of the interface type...

Reliable assessment procedures are an important aspect of maintenance concepts. Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods are an essential part of a variety of maintenance plans. Fracture mechanical assessments require knowledge of flaw dimensions, loads and material parameters. NDT methods are able to acquire information on all of these areas. However, it has to be considered that the level of det...

Background: Younger and older pedestrians are both overrepresented in train-pedestrian injury and fatality collision databases. However, scant research has attempted to determine the factors that influence level crossing behaviours for these high risk groups. Method: Five focus groups were undertaken with a total of 27 younger and 17 older pedestrian level crossing users (N = 44). Due to the la...

This paper introduces global session nets, an integration of multiparty session types (MPST) and Petri nets, for role-based choreographic specifications to verify distributed multiparty systems. The graphical representation of session nets enables more liberal combinations of branch, merge, fork and join patterns than the standard syntactic MPST. We use session net token dynamics to verify a fl...

BACKGROUND Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator system efficacy is tested at implant by induction of ventricular fibrillation (VF). Defibrillation safety margin can be assessed without VF induction using upper limit of vulnerability methods, but these methods have required manual determination of T-wave timing. METHODS AND RESULTS To test the feasibility of an inductionless system of implan...

By the uncertainty, the common Nondestructive quantitative testing data could not meet the needs of the basic request of Nondestructive evaluation and reliability safety analysis in actual engineering. In this article, used the uncertainty evaluation method, the regress analysis and the fuzzy theory, the soft calibration method was built for uncertainty of measurement of nondestructive quantita...

Fish toxicity testing has been conducted since the 1860's in order to help define safe levels of chemical contaminants in lakes, rivers and coastal waters. The historical emphasis on acute lethality testing of chemicals has more recently focussed on long term sublethal effects of chemicals on fish and their prey species. Fish toxicity testing is now embedded in much environment legislation on c...