Since the first Ford Model T rolled off the assembly line, the regulation of automobile safety systems (“safety systems”) has changed drastically. While the regulation of safety systems was nonexistent at the birth of the Model T, the practice is abundant today. Modern automobile safety regulation saw its beginning in the late 1960s with the advent of seat belt laws, vehicle crashworthiness tes...

OBJECTIVE Enhanced seat belt reminders in automobiles have been shown to increase belt use rates by approximately 3 percentage points. The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of enhanced seat belt reminders on driver fatality risk. METHOD Data included all passenger vehicle driver deaths and vehicle registration counts in the United States for calendar years 2000-2007. Driver f...

BACKGROUND The effects of seat belt laws and public education campaigns on seat belt use are assessed on the basis of observational or self-reported data on seat belt use. Previous studies focusing on front seat occupants have shown that self-reports indicate a greater seat belt usage than observational findings. Whether this over-reporting in self reports applies to rear seat belt usage, and t...

Seat belt interaction with a far-side occupant's shoulder and thorax is critical to governing excursion towards the struck-side of the vehicle in side impact. In this study, occupant-to-belt interaction was simulated using a modified MADYMO human model and finite element belts. Quasi-static tests with volunteers and dynamic sled tests with PMHS and WorldSID were used for model validation and co...

OBJECTIVE To compare availability, urban price, and affordability of child/family safety devices between 18 economically diverse countries. DESIGN Descriptive: urban price surveys by local safety organisations or shoppers. SETTING Retail stores and internet vendors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prices expressed in US dollars, and affordability measured by hours of factory work needed to buy a ch...

OBJECTIVES Traffic crashes are a leading cause of deaths and injuries in Pakistan. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that approximately 30,131 people die in road crashes annually on Pakistani roads (WHO 2013). The use of seat belts can be effective in reducing road crash fatalities in Pakistan but under existing seat belt laws, seat belt use is mandatory only for drivers and is limi...

OBJECTIVE Injuries sustained in motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) are a major challenge to the Jamaican healthcare system. In November 1999, Jamaica enacted legislation to make seat belt usage in motor vehicles compulsory. The effect of this policy change on seat belt usage is unclear. This study therefore sought to determine the prevalence of seat belt usage and to determine the association betwe...

background and aim : about one-third of iranian children mortality is caused by injuries from which 36% occur due to road traffic injuries. using child restraint embedded in vehicles can reduce road traffic fatalities by 71% for neonates and 54% for children. based on its effectiveness in reduction of fatality and prevention of injury severity, child restraint usage mandatory law is a priority....

Nbody simulations are used to examine the consequences of Neptune’s outward migration into the Kuiper Belt, with the simulated endstates being compared rigorously and quantitatively to the observations. These simulations confirm the findings of Chiang et al. (2003), who showed that Neptune’s migration into a previously stirred–up Kuiper Belt can account for the Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) known ...