This study of 453 supplier-automaker relationships in the U. S., Japan, and Korea examines the extent to which automakers manage their “arms-length” and “partner” suppliers differently. The findings indicate that U.S. automakers have historically managed all of their suppliers in an arms-length fhshion, Korean automakers have managed all suppliers as partners, and Japanese automakers have segme...

H i s c o a u t h o r s a r e a l l a f f i l i a t e d w i t h t h e I n s t i t u t e o f Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n S t u d i e s a t U C D a v i s. At first the focus was on safety and pollution, and later on energy use. Motor vehicles were the first and most prominent target. Now, forty years later, social regulation is firmly entrenched. Regulators propose increasingly stringent technolog...

I study two-sided markets where the platform is composed of components supplied by di¤erent producers. I examine a producer’s incentive to provide compatibility of its product with other suppliers’. Two models are considered. In the …rst model, I …nd that tying of a complementary product may be pro…table. In the second model, I …nd that a durable goods monopolist’s introduction of incompatibili...

This study explains how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the food sector adapted during pandemic. In-depth, semi-structured, hybrid interviews were conducted with fifteen SME owners Bandung, Indonesia. The describes five business adaptation strategies using service-dominant logic (S-DL) structural-functionalism theory: (a) relationship suppliers landlords, (b) employee adaptation, (...

This paper proposes and investigates a theoretical model in continuous time to analyze the real switching options that an economic entity in relationships with multiple external economic agents holds and the corresponding implications for equilibria between the entity and the agents if they are active. Although our basic model is generally applicable in several widely different economic scenari...

ee annihilation into hadrons is one of the most important suppliers of experimental information on the quark interactions. At high energy it serves as a test of perturbative QCD whereas at low energies it provides insight into nonperturbative effects in QCD as well as valuable input to various phenomenological models describing strongly interacting particles. It became conventional to use the d...

Farrell and Shapiro (2008) have proposed a test – called the Upward Pricing Pressure (“UPP”) test – to evaluate potential unilateral effects of horizontal mergers. The UPP test is based on the Bertrand model of price competition with differentiated products. Accordingly, the UPP test can be applied to mergers in industries where suppliers post prices and customers choose which supplier(s) to bu...

Supplier competition and investment of effort are important concerns in supply base design. They are affected not only by the number of suppliers, but also by their capacity profile. This paper studies supply base design in terms of the number and capacities of suppliers, considering both supplier competition and investment of cost-reduction effort. We analyze a buyer who invests in capacities ...

This paper explores the purchasing practices adopted by restaurants and cafés operating in France to observe how owner/operator(s) attitudes towards sustainable business practice impact on choice of fresh food suppliers. A two-stage cluster analysis revealed presence two clusters: conventional buyers green that showed significant differences adoption practices, perceived benefits derived from b...