Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent central nervous system (CNS) movement disorder and the second most common neurodegenerative disease overall. PD is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) within the midbrain, accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) in Lewy bodies and neurites and excessive neuroinflammati...

BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) motor symptoms are frequently asymmetric and the factors that influence the side of onset are unclear. OBJECTIVE To explore whether peripheral injury and associated chronic limb pain may influence the side of onset. METHODS We administered a questionnaire to 128 PD patients in a tertiary movement disorder clinic. Handedness, date and type of limb injury(s...

In Hong Kong, the average annual cost of haemodialysis (HD) per patient is more than double of that of peritoneal dialysis (PD). As the number of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) has surged, it has posed a great financial burden to the government and society. A PD-first policy has been implemented in Hong Kong for three decades based on its cost-effectiveness, and has achieved succe...

Objective(s): It is known that treadmill exercise has   beneficial effects on the nervous system. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a role in such effects. This study aimed at investigating effects of intermittent treadmill exercise-induced behavioral, histology, and immunohistochemistry (H&E;, TH) measurement of brain interleukin-10 (IL-10) in a mice m...

‎In this paper we take $mathcal A$ to be the category {bf Pos-S}‎ ‎of $S$-posets‎, ‎for a posemigroup $S$‎, ${mathcal M}_{pd}$ to‎ ‎be the class of partially ordered sequantially-dense‎ ‎monomorphisms and study the categorical properties‎, ‎such as‎ ‎limits and colimits‎, ‎of this class‎. ‎These properties are usually‎ ‎needed to study the homological notions‎, ‎such as injectivity‎, ‎of‎ ‎$S$-...

Rigidity is one of the major signs of P a r k i n s o n ’s disease (PD). However, its pathophysiology has rarely been studied. This appears a little surprising since data obtained from animal physiology, which offers a scheme of neuronal circuits that might be hyperor hypoactive, could be useful in the study of muscle tone problems, a classical area in neurological semiology. Experimental model...

The cause and nature of bladder symptoms in patients with genuine Parkinson’s disease (PD) may be difficult to establish and treatment is often unsatisfactory. Typically patients present with longstanding neurological disease, the bladder symptoms coming on some years after treatment for PD was started. A recent study has shown that the severity of urinary symptoms is related to the neurologica...

the technology of neural stimulation in recent years has become the focus of the research and treatment, although it has been around for many years. the potential use of stimulating the brain and nerves ranges from the spinal cord stimulation to the implantations of cochlear and bionic eyes with a large discrepancy between the clinical readiness for these various uses. electrical high-frequency...

An emerging hypothesis in Parkinson's disease (PD) is that dopaminergic (DA) neurons degenerate through a " dying back " axonopathy wherein degeneration begins in the distal axon and progresses over time towards the cell body. Impaired axonal transport also appears to play an early, pivotal role in PD. Thus processes that delay axonal transport dysfunction and/or axonal degeneration might slow ...

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the dopaminergic neurodegeneration, which characterizes Parkinson’s disease (PD). The activities of mitochondrial complexes I and IV were found to be reduced in the brains of PD patients (n = 4) as compared to age-matched controls (n = 4). This is tested in SH-SY5Y cell lines, transformed Rho0 cells, and in normal and PD cybrid cell lines. Cybrid...