Cryptosporidium and Giardia pose a threat to human health in rural environments where water supplies are commonly untreated and susceptible to contamination from agricultural animal waste/manure, animal wastewater, septic tank effluents and septage. Our goals for this paper are to: (1) explore the prevalence of these protozoan parasites, where they are found, in what quantities, and which genot...

BACKGROUND The potential impact of shortages of the surgical workforce on both urban and rural hospitals is undefined. There is a predicted shortage of 30,000 surgeons by 2030 and the need to train and hire more than 100,000 surgeons. The aim of this study is to estimate the average recruitment needs in our nation's hospitals for 7 surgical specialties to ensure adequate access to surgical care...

BACKGROUND Hypertension is one of the main risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. In Madagascar, studies on hypertension in urban and rural communities are scarce. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension and identify associated risk factors in adults living in a health and demographic system in Moramanga, Madagascar. METHODS The study included peop...

1. Before proceeding to a projection, it is necessary to examine the definitions according to which data on "urban" and "rural" population have been determined. Under some definitions, for instance, "urban" areas remain within constant geographic boundaries, and "urban" population, so defined, can grow by births, deaths and migration only. According to some other definitions, the geographic ext...

This paper disaggregates the various sources of rural income growth in Peru between 2004 and 2012 and shows that about 80% of the increase came from rising earnings and only 15% from transfer programs. This increase in rural earnings was not led by agriculture. It was mainly because of a general rise in wages across industrial and services activities within the rural population, coupled with a ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Rural populations experience more adverse living circumstances than urban populations, but the evidence regarding the prevalence of mental health disorders in rural areas is contradictory. We examined the prevalence of depression in rural versus urban areas. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study using the 1999 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). In face-t...

BACKGROUND From a public health perspective and for the appropriate allocation of resources it is important to understand the differences in health between areas. This paper examines the variations in morbidity and mortality between urban and rural areas. METHODS This is a cohort study looking at morbidity levels of the population of Northern Ireland at the time of the 2001 census, and subseq...

BACKGROUND In recent decades, China has experienced tremendous economic growth and also witnessed growing socioeconomic-related health inequality. The study aims to explore the potential causes of socioeconomic-related health inequality in urban and rural areas of China over the past two decades. METHODS This study used six waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 1991 to 20...