Significant advances have been made during the past few years in our understanding of how the spinal monosynaptic reflex develops. Transcription factors in the Neurogenin, Runt, ETS, and LIM families control sequential steps of the specification of various subtypes of dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons. The initiation of muscle spindle differentiation requires neuregulin 1, derived from Ia aff...

Abs t ract . This paper presents a machine-independent study of parallel genetic algorithm performance. Our approach utilizes a dataflow model of computat ion in conjunction with Sisal, an implicit parallel programming language. We compare problem-solving power and runt ime efficiency for several parallel genet ic algorithms under uniform conditions. The proposed method makes it possible to ide...

Bone is formed through the processes of endochondral and intramembranous ossification. In endochondral ossification primary mesenchymal cells differentiate to chondrocytes and then are progressively substituted by bone, while in intramembranous ossification mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) differentiate directly into osteoblasts to form bone. The steps of osteogenic proliferation, differentiation,...