OBJECTIVE Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is classified as a disruptive disorder, but shows a wide range of associations with other psychopathology, including internalizing problems. The reasons for these associations are unclear. Here we test the hypothesis that two distinct early temperamental precursors-emotionality and activity-underlie ODD and differentially predict its comorbidities. ...

OBJECTIVES To examine the prevalence and frequency of electronic (e)-cigarette use among young people in Wales, associations with socio-demographic characteristics, smoking and other substances and the sequencing of e-cigarette and tobacco use. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey of school students in Wales undertaken in 2015. SETTING 87 secondary schools in Wales. PARTICIPANTS Students aged ...

for Secondary Stroke Prevention To the Editor: We present (see the Table) our meta-analyses of the effects of antiplatelet regimens on the end point of stroke in long-term secondary stroke prevention trials (CAPRIE1 and AAASPS2; references for all other trials are in antiplatelet trialist articles3,4). Statistically significant results are indicated by their 95% confidence intervals (CI). That ...

In their recent article in CHEST (September 2004)1 on antithrombotic therapy, Stein et al recommended that clopidogrel be added to aspirin for 9 to 12 months in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) following a non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS). The authors assigned this recommendation a grade of 1A, suggesting that the benefits derived from this st...

IMPORTANCE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aggregates in families, but the individual risk and to what extent this is caused by genetic factors or shared or nonshared environmental factors remains unresolved. OBJECTIVE To provide estimates of familial aggregation and heritability of ASD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A population-based cohort including 2,049,973 Swedish children born 198...

BACKGROUND A realist synthesis attempts to provide policy makers with a transferable theory that suggests a certain program is more or less likely to work in certain respects, for particular subjects, in specific kinds of situations. Yet realist reviews can require considerable and sustained investment over time, which does not always suit the time-sensitive demands of many policy decisions. 'R...

BACKGROUND Despite efforts to promote HIV counseling and testing (HCT) among couples, few couples know their own or their partners' HIV status. We assessed trends in HCT uptake among married individuals in Rakai district, southwestern Uganda. METHODS We analysed data for 11,268 married individuals aged 15-49 years who were enrolled into the Rakai Community Cohort Study (RCCS) between 2003 and...

OBJECTIVE Every year over 3.8 million people are dying of diabetes and its complications. Lifestyle intervention was suggested to have beneficial effects in preventing and reducing diabetes incidence. Interventions in patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), who belong to a high risk group in developing diabetes, are supposed to be especially effective. According to the evidence hierarch...

ACCESSIBLE SUMMARY This paper reports on the issue of resuscitation in mental health inpatient environments. It reviews the literature on national standards and best practice when emergency situations arise in mental health settings. The discussion on the best practice literature takes place alongside the reporting of a national evaluation of how National Patient Safety Agency improvement guide...

BACKGROUND Five pivotal clinical trials (Intensive Insulin Therapy; Recombinant Human Activated Protein C [rhAPC]; Low-Tidal Volume; Low-Dose Steroid; Early Goal-Directed Therapy [EGDT]) demonstrated mortality reduction in patients with severe sepsis and expert guidelines have recommended them to clinical practice. Yet, the adoption of these therapies remains low among clinicians. OBJECTIVES ...