In this study, contributions of left-right reciprocal coupling mediated by commissural interneurons in spinal locomotor networks to rhythmogenesis were examined in larval lamprey that had longitudinal midline lesions in the rostral spinal cord [8 --> 30% body length (BL), relative distance from the head] or caudal spinal cord (30 --> 50% BL). Motor activity was initiated from brain locomotor co...

The rostral and caudal parts of the ventrolateral medulla play a major role in the control of blood pressure. Both regions contain a high density of receptor binding sites for angiotensin II, and it has been shown previously that microinjection of angiotensin II into the rostral ventrolateral medulla causes a rise in blood pressure. The aims of this study were to determine the cardiovascular ef...

The mammalian neocortex is parcellated into anatomically and functionally distinct areas. The establishment of area-specific neuronal diversity and circuit connectivity enables distinct neocortical regions to control diverse and specialized functional outputs, yet underlying molecular controls remain largely unknown. Here, we identify a central role for the transcriptional regulator Lim-only 4 ...

Previous electrophysiological studies have shown that the commissural connections between the two superior colliculi are mainly inhibitory with fewer excitatory connections. However, the functional roles of the commissural connections are not well understood, so we sought to clarify the physiology of tectal commissural excitation and inhibition of tectoreticular neurons (TRNs) in the "fixation ...

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to establish a simple and reliable method for separation of anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) and arcuate (Arc) nuclei in the rat hypothalamus to evaluate expression of peptide mRNAs in these nuclei using RT-PCR. Methods: Two female Sprague -Dawley rats were perfused transcardially with 10% buffered formalin. Brains were immediately removed and di...

Central localization of the cervical esophageal motoneurons was investigated in the rabbit, using the intramuscular injection of retrograde labeling tracers horseradish peroxidase or nuclear yellow. The nucleus ambiguus of the rabbit comprises four subnuclei, CoG, SGm, SGl, and DiG, according to our previous cytoarchitectual study, of which only the ipsilateral CoG was pertinent to the esophage...

In order to identify cerebellar terminals in the cat inferior olive which contain gamma-aminobutyricacid (GABA), a technique was developed combining anterograde transport of wheatgerm agglutinine-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) with gold-immunocytochemistry. With this technique both the HRP reaction product and the immunogold labeling can be visualized in a single ultrathin section....

The formation and persistence of an orocutaneous fistula as a sequela major head neck surgery followed by microvascular reconstructive adjuvant radiation therapy is common frustrating challenge to address. When surgical options are exhausted, limited, or with high risk for failure, the fabrication oral appliance can provide temporary long-term treatment option patient. In this case report, was ...

Authoritative anatomical references depict domestic dogs and cats as having a malleus with a short rostral (anterior) process that is connected via a ligament to the ectotympanic of the auditory bulla. Similar mallei have been reported for representatives of each of the 15 extant families of Carnivora, the placental order containing dogs and cats. This morphology is in contrast to a malleus wit...

The expression patterns of the three CaM genes were quantitatively localized by using in situ hybridization techniques to detect gene-specific [35S]-labeled cRNA probes complementary to the multiple CaM mRNAs in the trigeminal nuclei of the adult rat brain. The three distinct CaM genes were widely expressed throughout the midbrain-brain stem area with moderate intensities. In general, mRNAs tra...