The concept of symmetry is of central importance in modern physics. Plenty information can be extracted from the symmetry of a physical system. In field theory, the symmetry plays an essential role in defining some very basic concept like particle, charge, etc. Symmetry also put strong constraint on the properties of fields/particles, as well as their interactions and correlations. In quantum f...

In this paper, we extend the Drinfeld current realization of quantum affine algebras Uq(ĝ) and of the Yangians in several directions: we construct current operators for non-simple roots of g, define a new braid group action in terms of the current operators and describe the universal R-matrix for the corresponding “Drinfeld” comultiplication in the form of infinite product and in the form of ce...

Abstract We show that the complete positive entropy (CPE) class $\alpha $ of Barbieri and García-Ramos contains a one-dimensional subshift for all countable ordinals , is, process alternating topological transitive closure on pairs relation can end an arbitrary ordinal. This is composition three constructions. first realize every ordinal as length abstract ‘close-up’ compact space. Next, we any...

Permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM), which has the advantages of simple structure, small volume, high force, is a research focus and difficulties because of the thrust ripple and control problems for PMLSM. In this paper, in order to reduce thrust ripple and improve system control performance, the space voltage vector pulse width modulation technology (SVPWM) was introduced into t...

The energy density of the vacuum, Λ, is at least 60 orders of magnitude smaller than several known contributions to it. Approaches to this problem are tightly constrained by data ranging from elementary observations to precision experiments. Absent overwhelming evidence to the contrary, dark energy can only be interpreted as vacuum energy, so the venerable assumption that Λ = 0 conflicts with o...