Herein, a more practical and efficient synthesis protocol for the preparation of uniform rod-like oligo(1,4-phenylene ethynylene)s (OPE)s is presented. Applying an iterative reaction cycle consisting decarboxylative coupling saponification alkynyl carboxylic ester, pentamer obtained in ten steps with 14% overall yield. The copper-free conditions prevent homocoupling until trimer stage, resultin...

This work considers the motion planning for a rodshaped robot in a three-dimensional space. Our approach is to construct a roadmap in the configuration space of the rod and use it to navigate and map unknown spaces. Previously, we defined the rod-HGVG, which is a roadmap for a rod-shaped robot operating in a three-dimensional space. However, the rodHGVG is only guaranteed to be connected if the...

Demembranated flagella from Euglena gracilis consisted of three distinct components: a 9 + 2 axoneme of microtubules, an extensive surface coating of long and short mastigonemes and a lattice-like axial fibre known as the paraflagellar rod. Negatively stained preparations of isolated paraflagellar rods showed the major structural unit to be a 22 nm filament oriented at approximately 45 degrees ...

Mutations in the dystrophin gene result in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Dystrophin is a multidomain protein that functions to stabilize the sarcolemmal membrane during muscle contraction. The central rod domain has been proposed to act as a shock absorber, as a force transducer or as a spacer separating important Nand C-terminal domains that interact with actin and the dystrophin–glycopro...

– Attractive interactions between identical like-charged macroions in aqueous multivalent salt solution arise due to ion-ion correlations. The mean-field level Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) theory does not predict such behavior for point-like structureless ions. Various multivalent ions, such as certain DNA condensing agents or short stiff polyelectrolytes, do have an internal, often rod-like, structu...

Idiopathic osteoporosis (IOP) in premenopausal women is a poorly understood entity in which otherwise healthy women have low-trauma fracture or very low bone mineral density (BMD). In this study, we applied individual trabeculae segmentation (ITS)-based morphological analysis to high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) images of the distal radius and distal tibia to...