This article explains the level of economic freedom in Muslim countries through the theory of institutional path dependency. Islamic countries are generally not free and they have a poor record regarding property rights. To explain these realities we use the institutional history of Muslim countries. We define three steps: the Arab and Ottoman Empires when Islamic law was of great importance, E...

Two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2DIR) and a newly developed perturbation correlation moving window (PCMW) technique were employed to study the precise chain collapse and revival thermodynamic mechanism of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel. Both Boltzmann fitting and PCMW had figured out the volume phase transition temperature for heating and cooling processes to b...

Despite many years of Soviet rule in Central Asia, traditional medical beliefs and practices were not eradicated and their revival has been noticeable in the independent republics of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Religious and magical healing, including shamanism, are important parts of this renewed tradition. This article, based on extensive fieldwork conducted in Almaty, Kazakhstan, and its vici...

Cent Eur J Urol 2013; 66: 496 10.5173/ceju.2013.04.art29 The authors of the paper published in this issue of Central European Journal of Urology [1] present urethral dilatation as their preferred method of treatment of urethral obstruction. Results of their treatment are very poor. Among the 196 patients having urethral obstruction treated with bougie dilatators, as many as 172 patients (87.6%)...

In India, economic growth has improved significantly during the past two and a half decades, particularly in the post-reform period. India is considered as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. However, the exclusion problems have not been addressed seriously by the government programmes and strategies. The experience of the economic reforms during the past 15 years indicates that ...

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the effect of revival soymilk consumption and moderate exercise on vasomotor symptoms, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and alkaline phosphates activity in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods In this study, daily for 3 months, 37 postmenopausal women (mean age = 52.2± 4.6 years) were randomly assigned to soymilk (n=15), exercise +soymi...

OBJECTIVES To present our center's experience in managing bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) conditions using bougie dilators. We described the dilation technique methodically for teaching purpose. PATIENTS AND METHOD Retrospectively, a total of 196 medical records over the last four years denoting BOO conditions in men, women, and children were retrieved for analysis. Data reviewed for common ...

Controlling and reversing the effects of loss are major challenges in optical systems. For lasers, losses need to be overcome by a sufficient amount of gain to reach the lasing threshold. In this work, we show how to turn losses into gain by steering the parameters of a system to the vicinity of an exceptional point (EP), which occurs when the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenstates of a ...