Background: Thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) is an autoimmune disorder. It usually occurs in association with hyperthyroidism. Systemic corticosteroids provide the mainstay treatment for patients with severe and active orbitopathy, but its benefit is associated with important side effects. Attempts to reduce the systemic effects of corticosteroid by using local steroid administration by ret...

PURPOSE To investigate the effects of intravitreal ranibizumab on retrobulbar blood flow in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Thirty-one eyes of 30 patients with neovascular AMD were examined prospectively by both color Doppler imaging and fundus fluorescein angiography. Color Doppler imaging was used to measure the maximum and minimum velocities of the...

PURPOSE Vascular risk factors are important factors in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. The purpose of this research was to investigate retrobulbar hemodynamics and visual field progression in patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG). PATIENTS AND METHODS 31 eyes of 16 patients with NTG were included in a retrospective long-term follow-up study. Colour Doppler imaging was performed at baselin...

OBJECTIVE To look for alterations of glycemic control as a secondary systemic effect of the retrobulbar injection of triamcinolone acetonide in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 40 patients (25 men and 15 women, 20 with and 20 without diabetes). The injection site in all patients was the retrobulbar space, with one injection of 1ml triamcinolone acetonide (4...

PURPOSE The authors compared the efficacy of local anesthetics levobupivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine for retrobulbar anesthesia in vitreoretinal surgery. METHODS A total of 135 patients presenting for vitreoretinal surgery under local anesthesia were included in the study. Patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups. Group LB patients received 5 mL of 0.5% levobupivacaine, G...

Background. To compare the efficacy and safety of topical anesthesia versus retrobulbar anesthesia in 23-gauge vitreoretinal surgery. Materials and Methods. A total of 63 patients scheduled for 23 G posterior vitrectomy without scleral buckling procedures were included in the study. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either topical (Group 1, n = 31) or retrobulbar anesthesia (Group ...