Illicit use of performance-enhancing steroids has proliferated among a wide range of professional and amateur athletes. This problem has attracted broad public attention and has led the United States Congress to draft legislation that proposes frequent testing of athletes. However, current testing protocols are inadequate as athletes can evade detection by using novel steroids that are unknown ...

The use of neurocognitive testing in the assessment of professional athletes sustaining sports-related concussions has become widespread over the past decade. Baseline neurocognitive testing is now a requirement for athletes in the National Football League (NFL). We present preliminary normative data on a computer based neurocognitive test (Immediate Post Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Tes...

The amount, composition and timing of food intake can profoundly affect sports performance. Good nutritional practice will help athletes train hard, recover quickly and adapt more effectively with less risk of illness and injury. Athletes should adopt specific nutritional strategies before and during competition to help maximise their performance. Athletes will benefit from the guidance of a qu...

We investigated the associations of mouthguard awareness and use with the rate and type of orofacial trauma during sports activities among professional athletes. In this cross-sectional study of athletes aged 12 to 22 years who trained for participation in national and international competitions, data were collected by using a questionnaire and a clinical examination that included an index of d...

The preadolescent athletes are typically those athletes who have just achieved or have not yet achieved Tanner stage II. Age in girls is usually less than age 12 and age in boys is usually less than age 14. There has been a significant trend in sports medicine to see elite athletes at a younger age participating and training at a very high level, for instance the most recent Wimbledon’s champio...