to describe proportion and pattern of culling in commercial dairy herds of khorasan razavi province, this survey was carried out from 21st march 2008 to 20th march 2009 in 15 industrialized dairy herds. for each culled cow data related to parity at culling, last calving to culling interval and primary reason for culling were recorded. annual herd exit rate was 20.9%. out of a total of 652 culle...

Fertility in the male is dependent on the proper production of sperm cells. This process, called spermatogenesis is very complex and involves the synchronization of numerous factors. The presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 β) cytokines in the male reproductive tract (testis, epididymis and sperm) ...

It is well known that adipose tissue can influence puberty, sexual maturation, and fertility in different species. Adipose tissue secretes molecules called adipokines which most likely have an endocrine effect on reproductive function. It has been revealed over the last few years that adipokines are functionally implicated at all levels of the reproductive axis including the gonad and hypothala...

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are defined as infections that spread primarily through person-toperson sexual contact. However, several of these infections, in particular HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B, can also be transmitted via mother-to-childtransmission during pregnancy and childbirth, blood products or tissue transfer. There are more than 30 different sexually transmissible bacteri...

Bacterial vaginosis is the common vaginal infection among women of reproductive age, with incidence varying from 15-65 Many serious obstetric and gynaecological complications have also been associated with bacterial vaginosis. Bacterial vaginosis is found to be a critical risk factor found associated with recurrent even mortality: as such management of women with recurrent urinary tract infecti...