BACKGROUND Many previous studies have demonstrated that botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injections satisfactorily reduce spasticity. Nevertheless, BTX-A, with or without an adjuvant therapy, effectively improves the direct functional movement in few patients with spastic upper extremity paralysis. Therefore the present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of task-orientated therapy on spasticit...

PURPOSE To determine the effect of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, induced by botulinum toxin-B (BTX-B), on the inflammatory cytokine gene expression in the lacrimal gland (LG). And to determine the effect of various topical anti-inflammatory agents on the resulting cytokine levels. METHODS Forty-two mice (eight-week-old, female, CBA/J) were divided into six groups. Four groups were injected with...

Mutational inactivation of p53 is a key player in the development of human cancer. Thus, retrieving the tumor suppressor activity of p53 gene is considered a novel strategy in cancer therapy. Current study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer potentials of botulinum toxin type-A (BTX-A) and captopril as a trial to shed light on effective anti-cancer therapy with lower side effects. Cytotoxic ef...

In this research, gasoline vapours including Benzene, Toluene, Xylene (BTX) and Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs) emitted from vent pipes of underground storage tanks (USTs) were measured at six gas stations in Tehran. Thereafter, gas station No. 29 was selected as a pilot station and equipped with a vapour control system. The vapours were measured during the summer of 2013 and winter of...

Background: Muscles from patients with cerebral palsy (CP) are often spastic and form contractures that limit the range of motion. Injections botulinum toxin A (BTX) into calf muscles an important treatment for functional equinus; however, improvement in gait function is not always achieved. BTX also used to test muscle weakening risk evaluation lengthening surgery. Our aim was assess effect ov...

The authors evaluated the long-term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) in poststroke spasticity patients who completed a 12-week placebo-controlled study and received multiple open-label treatments with 200 to 240 U BTX-A for 42 weeks. Significant and sustained improvements were observed for Disability Assessment and Ashworth scores. Adverse events were generally mild. This e...

The clinical effect of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injection combined with spasmodic muscle therapeutic instrument with simple BTX-A injection was compared. Eighty patients with stroke were randomly divided into the treatment and control groups of 41 and 39 cases, respectively. The two groups of patients were given routine rehabilitation therapy. Ultrasound-guide positioning technology was used; ...

Batrachotoxin (BTX), a steroidal alkaloid, and pyrethroid insecticides bind to distinct but allosterically coupled receptor sites on voltage-gated sodium channels and cause persistent channel activation. BTX presumably binds in the inner pore, whereas pyrethroids are predicted to bind at the lipid-exposed cavity formed by the short intracellular linker-helix IIS4-S5 and transmembrane helices II...

The distribution and quantitation of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX) binding sites and thus acetylcholine receptor (AChR) were determined in mouse sternomastoid muscle by electron microscope autoradiography. We found that a valid criterion for receptor saturation at the neuromuscular junction was the complete elimination of neurally evoked tetanic muscle contractions, since, when such a cri...

The use of Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) to manage focal spasticity in children with cerebral palsy has been rapid evolving since 1990. The success of BTX-A injections is very dependent on delivery of the toxin into the targeted muscle. The method of delivery however is not agreed upon and differs between patient populations. This paper reviews the different techniques for muscle localisation ...