STUDY DESIGN Retrospective epidemiologic investigation. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between altitude and concussion rate in the National Football League (NFL). Because of the physiologic responses that occur during acclimatization to altitude, it was hypothesized that games played on fields at a higher altitude would have reduced concussion rates compared to games played on fiel...

CONTEXT An estimated 300,000 sport-related traumatic brain injuries, predominantly concussions, occur annually in the United States. Sports are second only to motor vehicle crashes as the leading cause of traumatic brain injury among people aged 15 to 24 years. OBJECTIVE To investigate the epidemiology of concussions in a nationally representative sample of high school athletes and to compare...

CONTEXT Athletic trainers surveyed in 1999 demonstrated little consensus on the use of concussion grading scales and return-to-play criteria. Most relied on clinical examination or symptom checklists to evaluate athletes with concussion. OBJECTIVE To investigate the current trends of certified athletic trainers in concussion assessment and management. DESIGN Subjects were invited to partici...

CASTING THE NET WIDE The current consensus definition provides a broad clinicopathological description of concussion. It encompasses the wide range of clinical presentations that result from traumatic forces transmitted to the brain. In its most literal interpretation, any post-traumatic symptom or sign fits the definition of concussion. Consequently, the current definition has high sensitivity...

The complex nature of the evaluation and management of concussion lends to controversy, and the immediate and long-term implications still are being investigated. Various types of protective equipment have been used as a means to prevent concussions, and protective equipment is being used more frequently in different sports. Recent investigations have suggested that a protective, but not preven...

INTRODUCTION Sport concussion represents the majority of brain injuries occurring in the United States with 1.6–3.8 million cases annually. Understanding the biomechanical properties of this injury will support the development of better diagnostics and preventative techniques. METHODS We monitored all football related head impacts in 78 high school athletes (mean age = 16.7 yr) from 2005 to 2...

Objectives: Sport related concussion has been repeatedly demonstrated to increase the risk of subsequent lower extremity injury in athletes. The current literature suggests that, for multiple years after a concussion, athletes are at increased injury. However, we unaware any studies that have an upper injuries sport concussion. purpose this study was investigate change NCAA football players ret...

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE To present a novel pathophysiological approach to acute concussion and post-concussion syndrome (PCS). RESEARCH DESIGN Review of the literature. METHODS AND PROCEDURES PubMed searches were performed to identify articles related to the pathophysiology and treatment of concussion and PCS. Relevant articles that contributed to the primary objective of the paper were included....