Social Security's special minimum primary insurance amount (PIA) provision was enacted in 1972 to increase the adequacy of benefits for regular long-term, low-earning covered workers and their dependents or survivors. At the time, Social Security also had a regular minimum benefit provision for persons with low lifetime average earnings and their families. Concerns were rising that the low life...

The purpose of this note is to obtain some properties of (∈,∈ ∨q)fuzzy bi-ideals in a Γ-semigroup in order to characterize regular and intra-regular Γ-semigroups. Keywords—Regular Γ-semigroup, belong to or quasi-coincident, (∈,∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup, (∈,∈ ∨q)-fuzzy bi-ideals.

In this article, we propose an axiomatic system for fuzzy “cardinality” measures (referred to as fuzzy c-measures for short) assigning to each finite fuzzy set a generalized cardinal that expresses the number of elements that the fuzzy set contains. The system generalizes an axiomatic system introduced by J. Casasnovas and J. Torrens (2003). We show that each fuzzy c-measure is determined by tw...

We conducted a descriptive study examining the health status of dually eligible beneficiaries using a sample from the Medicare Health Outcomes Survey (HOS), a measure of health status administered to enrollees in Medicare managed care (MMC). Overall, we found that dually eligible beneficiaries were sicker, more depressed, and reporting more pain than Medicare-only beneficiaries. Our results sug...

Many architectural languages have been proposed in the last fifteen years, each one with the chief aim of becoming the ideal language for specifying software architectures. What is evident nowadays, instead, is that architectural languages are defined by stakeholder concerns. Capturing all such concerns within a single, narrowly focused notation is impossible. At the same time it is also imprac...

Right ternary near-rings (RTNR) are generalization of their binary counterpart and fuzzy soft sets are generalization of soft sets which are parameterized family of subsets of a universal set. In this paper fuzzy soft Nsubgroups, quasi-ideals and bi-ideals over a right ternary near-ring N are defined. The substructures N-subgroups, quasi-ideals and bi-ideals of an RTNR are characterized in term...

We introduce here a new approach to the study of m-quasi-invariants. This approach consists in representing m-quasi-invariants as N tuples of invariants. Then conditions are sought which characterize such N tuples. We study here the case of S3 m-quasi-invariants. This leads to an interesting free module of triplets of polynomials in the elementary symmetric functions e1, e2, e3 which explains c...

Codescent morphisms are described in regular categories which satisfy the so-called strong amalgamation property. Among varieties of universal algebras possessing this property are, as is known, categories of groups, not necessarily associative rings, M -sets (for a monoid M), Lie algebras (over a field), quasi-groups, commutative quasi-groups, Steiner quasi-groups, medial quasigroups, semilatt...