This paper describes current and proposed protocols for mobility management for public land mobile network (PLMN)-based networks, mobile Internet protocol (IP), wireless asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), and satellite networks. The integration of these networks will be discussed in the context of the next evolutionary step of wireless communication networks. First, a review is provided of locat...

Designing of heterogeneous Networks involves several interworking issues, such as seamless handoff or roaming, mobility management, security and charging problems. Among these interworking items, the issue of seamless handoff is of great importance for guaranteeing service continuity and Quality of Service. In this paper, we propose a seamless handoff scheme with minimum handoff delay and low p...

registration institution guarantees economic and legal security. human societies always noted this point and created several registration systems. land title registration should be simple, reliable…and well suited to the society it serves. with regard to social conditions, every society fallows from one of these systems. iranian registration system has enough capacity to establish legal securit...

Mobility management is the fundamental technology to enable the seamless access to wireless networks and mobile services. Mobile IP is currently the most promising solution for mobility management in the Internet. The objective of this paper is to reconsider Mobile IP based mobility management solutions, with the emphasis on the proposal of new mobility management architectures. First, it is re...

This article presents a multilayer mobility management scheme for All-IP networks where local mobility movements (micro-mobility) are handled separately from global movements (macro-mobility). Furthermore, a hybrid scheme is proposed to handle macro-mobility (Mobile IP for non-real-time services and SIP for real-time services). The interworking between micromobility and macro-mobility is implem...

Mobile IP protocols use a correspondent registration procedure between a Mobile Node (MN) and its Correspondent Nodes (CNs) to maintain a valid and up-to-date binding association between MN’s home address and its current care-ofaddress whenever a handover occurs. This procedure plays a key role in optimizing the routing path between the two parties by avoiding any kind of dog-leg routing across...

BACKGROUND frailty is a state of vulnerability to stressor events. There is uncertainty about the beneficial effects of exercise interventions for older people with frailty. The Home-based Older People's Exercise (HOPE) programme is a 12-week-exercise intervention for older people with frailty designed to improve mobility and function. METHODS we tested feasibility of the HOPE programme in a ...