at a superficial level it seems that owning a monopolistic right is in contrast with competitiveness of the market, and exercising this right will prevent the free trade from being competitive. but the truth is that the existence of monopoly is not always a violation of competition law to be harmful to the trade, quite the reverse, in some cases it interacts with principles of competition law, ...

in every community, higher values and interests have a special position. in the form of the concept of public order, national legal systems support these higher values and interests against the individual interests and freedom. in these systems, the function of public order is to limit contractual freedom and to prevent from enforcement of foreign law and awards. although the international comm...

financial fines are regarded as a powerful implement in the hand of competition authorities which apply in the way of ceasing anticompetitive practices and hindering undertakings from entering into monopolization activities.  having regarded the nature and main function of this sanction, this paper in comparative study is going to clarify executive domain and primary stages of fine determining ...

Virtually all physician employment relationships are governed by employment agreements in which the physician and employer exchange promises. When embodied in contracts, promises are also known as "covenants." Certain covenants are restrictive in nature, including, most notably, covenants which prohibit competition ("non-competes"). Legal considerations regarding non-competes in particular cent...

altering nationality is a right for persons. according to rule 588 of commercial law, legal persons can have the complete right and duties of persons, except rights and duets that only human can have due to his nature such as rights and duties of fatherhood, sonny etc. in persian law, unlike persons, there is not any rule about altering nationality for legal persons especially companies and the...