Incoherent twin boundaries (ITBs) are widespread and play a crucial role in unidirectional deformation behavior of materials, however, the intrinsic role of individual ITB under cyclic loading remains elusive. Here we show the fatigue cracking behavior of Cu bicrystal with an ITB as its sole interface for the first time. The slip bands (SBs) could transfer through the ITB; meanwhile, the ITB co...

Failure of blind via is one of the main causes of an open circuit in printed circuit boards (PCBs). By using macroscopic and microscopic testing methods and characterization techniques, the failure analysis of the vias on PCB for novel mobile phones has been systematically carried out. Metallographic inspection shows obvious cracking along the interface of different copper layers. Micrograph ob...

Laboratory fracture toughness tests of concrete using wedge-loaded round double beam specimens with a length to diameter ratio of 2:1 show two distinctly different specimen behaviors. Either the crack remains in the plane of the notch, and a valid test result can be obtained, or there is lateral cracking around mid-length which invalidates the results. Results of a controlled study show that th...

Failure of hollow trees in urban areas is a worldwide concern, and it can be caused by different mechanisms, i.e. bending stresses or flattening-related failures. Here we derive a new analytical expression for predicting the bending moment for tangential cracking, and compare the breaking moment of various failure modes, including Brazier buckling, tangential cracking, shear failure and convent...

thermal cracking of a heavy liquid hydrocarbon was performed in a laboratory scale tubular reactor. central composite design (ccd), was used as an experimental design method. the design variables were coil outlet temperature (cot), feed flow and rate steam ratio. maximum yield of ethylene was 30.37 wt% at cot, residence time and steam ratio of 869oc, 0.208 s and 1.22 g/g, respectively. maximum ...

Abstract — The Ethylene production process is one of the most important aspects of a petrochemical plant. The bulk of the worldwide annual commercial production of Ethylene is based on thermal cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons with steam. This process is commonly called Steam cracking process. This article deals with Amir Kabir Petrochemical Olefin Furnaces that are located in special region o...

A condition-based maintenance optimization approach is developed for the road-cracking problem in order to derive optimal maintenance policies that minimize a total discounted maintenance cost. The approach is based on a Markov decision process that takes into account multiple actions with varying effects on future road performance. Maintaining the road consists of adding a new asphalt layer; h...

Passwords continue to be the primary means of authentication and security for online accounts and use in encrypting files and disks. The goal of this paper is to show how knowledge of personal information about a user can systematically be added to improve a password cracking task. In this paper we focus on the dictionary-based probabilistic context-free grammar (PCFG) approach to password crac...

Percussive tool use holds special interest for scientists concerned with human origins. We summarize the findings from two field sites, Taı̈ and Fazenda Boa Vista, where percussive tool use by chimpanzees and bearded capuchins, respectively, has been extensively investigated. We describe the ecological settings in which nut-cracking occurs and focus on four aspects of nut-cracking that have impo...

Samples of apricot pits at 7.61, 12.45, 18.21 and 25.15% (wet basis) moisture contents in the three directions (along length, width and thickness) were subjected to impact energy ranged from 0.2 to 1.1 J using an impact test apparatus. Data obtained on the quantity of fully cracked and unbroken kernel, fully cracked but broken kernel and uncracked pits were used in the computation of the pits c...