The Indian Ocean (Figure 1) comprises 20% of the World’s surface water, has an austral to tropical temperature gradient, is bounded to the east by the African continent, to the north by the Asian land mass (which includes semi-enclosed seas the Red Sea, Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Thailand and Bay of Bengal), and to the West by SE Asia (Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Timor L’Este and Australia). The ...

Rhodoliths are unattached calcareous red algae that form extensive beds. Although rhodolith beds are widely distributed in temperate and tropical areas, a recent discovery in the North Pacific Ocean represents a significant northward extension of known rhodolith distribution. This bed, located in Prince William Sound, Alaska, is composed of one rhodolith species, Phymatolithon calcareum, with t...

1 Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia, 2 Environmental Science Faculty, EULA-University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile, Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, Center of Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, AB Den Burg, Netherlands, 5 ICM-CSIC, Institut de Ciènc...

1 Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia, 2 Environmental Science Faculty, EULA-University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile, Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, Center of Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, Department of Biological Oceanography, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, AB Den Burg, Netherlands, 5 ICM-CSIC, Institut de Ciènc...

Diadema setosum (Leske, 1778), is one of the common echinoids widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean, where it occurs from the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and the east coast of Africa to Japan, Australia and Malaysia. To investigate the developmental basis of morphological changes in embryos and larvae, we documented the ontogeny of D. setosum in a controlled laboratory condition at the In...

A global ocean circulation model is formulated in terms of the “residual mean” and used to study eddy–mean flow interaction. Adjoint techniques are used to compute the three-dimensional eddy stress field that minimizes the departure of the coarse-resolution model from climatological observations of temperature. The resulting 3D maps of eddy stress and residual-mean circulation yield a wealth of...

Antarctic Intermediate Water is formed at the high mid-latitudes of the Southern Ocean. In many ocean general circulation model simulations with coarse resolution and a z-coordinate, a mid-depth salinity minimum characteristic of this intermediate water is reproduced. However, for the real ocean it remains unclear which are the dominant processes in the formation of this water mass and which ar...

The instrumental temperature record is of insufficient length to fully express the natural variability of past temperature. High elevation tree-ring widths from Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) are a particularly useful proxy to infer temperatures prior to the instrumental record in that the tree-rings are annually dated and extend for millennia. From ring-width measurements integr...

[1] The extratropical sources of equatorial undercurrent (EUC) water have been identified for an ocean circulation model using Lagrangian trajectory analysis, lt has been found that the EUe waters emenate from a wide range of latitudes in the Pacific basin, with its densest constituent watennass being Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) from 50S, Further analysis of the basin-scale circulation field...