Diffraction can occur when electromagnetic radiation interacts with a periodic structure whose repeat distance is about the same as the wavelength of the radiation. Visible light, for example, can be diffracted by a grating that contains scribed lines spaced only a few thousand angstroms apart, about the wavelength of visible light. X-rays have wavelengths on the order of angstroms, in the rang...

Fresnel zone plates are diffractive elements that are essential to form images in X-ray microscopy[1,2]. One of the main shortcomings of Fresnel zone plates their high chromatic aberration. Recently presented, Fractal Zone Plates (FZPs) [3] are diffractive lenses characterized by a fractal focal structure with an extended focal depth, as compared with Fresnel lenses. This behaviour predicts an ...

Gabor x-ray holograms of biological specimens and of test objects that display <56-nm resolution are presented. This spatial resolution is more than an order of magnitude smaller than what has been achieved previously in x-ray holography. The holograms were recorded on photoresist using 2.57-nm soft x rays from the X-17t undulator at the National Syncrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National L...

We have imaged a 2D buried Ni nanostructure at 8 nm resolution using coherent x-ray diffraction and the oversampling phasing method. By employing a 3D imaging reconstruction algorithm, for the first time we have experimentally determined the 3D structure of a noncrystalline nanostructured material at 50 nm resolution. The 2D and 3D imaging resolution is currently limited by the exposure time an...

The goal of this work is to develop digital image processing tools for improving the quality of the images provided by the Göttingen transmission X-ray microscope at BESSY [1, 2]. We first present a method for correcting the inhomogeneous illumination. Then, we present results of image restoration techniques applied to X-ray microscopy images of test objects and of biological specimens containi...

Lens-based water-window X-ray microscopy allows two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) imaging of intact unstained cells in their near-native state with unprecedented contrast and resolution. Cryofixation is essential to avoid radiation damage to the sample. Present cryo X-ray microscopes rely on synchrotron radiation sources, thereby limiting the accessibility for a wider community of biologis...

The development of highly efficient X-ray optics has allowed the development of bench-top XRF systems which have high intensity X-ray beams with diameters ranging from 10 micrometres through to a few millimetres. Coupled with integrated high magnification optical cameras, these systems are ideally suited to the needs of the forensic scientist. A microscopic particle from a crime scene can be an...

Roger Falcone, Chris Jacobsen, Janos Kirz, Stefano Marchesini, David Shapiro, and John Spence Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Argonne National Laboratory,Argonne, IL, USA Northwestern University,Evanston, IL, USA NSLS II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA Department of...

nickel hydroxide nanostructures were synthesized by a hydrothermal reaction. the effect of different precursors and surfactants on the morphology of nickel hydroxide nanostructures was investigated. nanostructures were characterized by x-ray diffraction, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and fourier transform infrared  spectroscopy. the influence of ni(oh)2 nano...

a simple and green synthetic strategy to prepare bao/tio2-zro2 as a solid base catalyst was reported. these materials with various amounts of bao were prepared by the adsorption method. the physical and chemical properties of bao/tio2-zro2 were investigated by x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence, specific surface area and bjh pore size distribution, ft-ir spectroscopy, scanning electron micro...