Taste avoidance conditioning (TAC) was carried out on the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. The conditional stimulus (CS) was sucrose which elicits feeding behavior; while the unconditional stimulus (US) was a tactile stimulus to the head which causes feeding to be suppressed. The neuronal circuit that drives feeding behavior in Lymnaea is well worked out. We therefore compared the physiological c...

In 1964, Elgot and Robinson introduced the Random-Access Stored Program (RASP) machine model “to capture some of the most salient features of the central processing unit of a modern digital computer.” After four decades of progress in computer science, this model is now somewhat outdated. Intriguingly though, the 1964 paper presented two theorems showing that programs of ‘finitely determined’ i...

In multiple tissues, the Hedgehog secreted morphogen activates in the receiving cells a pathway involved in cell fate, proliferation and differentiation in the receiving cells. This pathway is particularly important during embryogenesis. The protein HHAT (Hedgehog O-acyltransferase) modifies Hh morphogens prior to their secretion, while HHATL (Hh O-acyltransferase-like) negatively regulates the...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate power-assisted bone removal in cosmetic rhinoplasty. DESIGN Nonrandomized, nonblinded, retrospective evaluation of consecutive case series. SETTING Academic facial plastic surgery practice. INTERVENTIONS Power-assisted bone removal in 105 consecutive rhinoplasties requiring nasal bone reduction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Subjective evaluation by patient and surgeon. ...