Enormous cost and manpower utilization encountered in constructing a water resource project demands a great deal of attention in devising precise Rainfall-Runoff models for its successful performance. These models are dependent on the physiographic, climatic and biotic characteristics of the basin. These factors sometimes induce either a linear, non-linear or highly complex behaviour among the ...

Polyether ionophores, monensin, and salinomycin are commonly used as antiparasitic drugs in broiler production and may be present in broiler litter (bird excreta plus bedding material). Long-term application of broiler litter to pastures may lead to ionophore contamination of surface waters. Because polyether ionophores break down at low pH, we hypothesized that decreasing litter pH with an aci...

[1] The primary advantage of radar observations of precipitation compared with traditional rain gauge measurements is their high spatial and temporal resolution and large areal coverage. Unfortunately, radar data require vigorous quality control before being converted into precipitation products that can be used as input to hydrologic models. In this study we coupled a physically based atmosphe...

[1] This paper presents a distribution-free statistical test aimed at detecting gradual changes in the hydrological behavior of watersheds. The proposed test uses a rainfall-runoff model to identify watershed behavior over successive time periods and a resampling approach to quantify the significance of trends. The method can be applied with any model deemed suitable for the studied watershed. ...

BACKGROUND Diarrhea among children under 5 years of age has long been a major public health concern. Previous studies have suggested an association between rainfall and diarrhea. Here, we examined the association between Rwandan rainfall patterns and childhood diarrhea and the impact of household sanitation variables on this relationship. METHODS We derived a series of rain-related variables ...

Transforms reduce the distributions of surface-runoff and sediment-transport variables to nearexponential distributions typical of rainfall duration and intensity. Two transform parameters are determined from field measurements using either a graphical method or the method of moments. The transforms were tested on both small experimental plots and very large watersheds for the distributions of ...

This study explores the decomposition of predictive uncertainty in hydrological modeling into its contributing sources. This is pursued by developing data-based probability models describing uncertainties in rainfall and runoff data, and incorporating them into the Bayesian Total Error Analysis methodology (BATEA). A case study based on the Yzeron catchment (France) and the conceptual rainfall-...

The rational method is derived as a special case of kinematic wave flow. The definition of runoff coefficient is expanded from the flow-based ratio into volume-based ratio between the volumes under runoff hydrograph and rainfall hyetograph. The new method presented in this paper provides a dimensionless approach to theoretically derive the runoff coefficients for both the conventional two-flow ...

The Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method is widely used for predicting direct runoff volume for a given rainfall event. The applicability of the SCSCN method and the runoff generation mechanism were thoroughly analysed in a Mediterranean experimental watershed in Hyderabad. The region is characterized by a Mediterranean semi-arid climate. A detailed land cover and soil survey ...

land surface parameterization schemes are one of the most important components in gcm and nwp models. these schemes calculate the exchanges of momentum, mass and energy between land surface and the atmosphere. runoff is one of the important components in the water cycle of the land surface scheme whose parameterization is difficult because of complexity in the processes governing the runoff gen...