Pure water has a pH of 7.0 (neutral); however, natural, unpolluted rainwater actually has a pH of about 5.6 (acidic).[Recall from Experiment 1 that pH is a measure of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration.] The acidity of rainwater comes from the natural presence of three substances (CO2, NO, and SO2) found in the troposphere (the lowest layer of the atmosphere). As is seen in Table I, carbon dio...

Galactogogues are substances used to induce, maintain, and increase milk production, both in human clinical conditions (like noninfectious agalactias and hypogalactias) and in massification of production in the animal dairy industry. This paper aims to report the state of the art on the possible mechanisms of action, effectiveness, and side effects of galactogogues, including potential uses in ...

• Bradykinin is a polypeptide and one of the plasma kinins. First described in 1949/ the pure product was isolated in 1960 and its identity with the original crude mixture established.3 It has vasodilator properties, stimulates smooth muscle, increases capillary permeability, and causes pain. It has been shown to increase blood flow through the forearm and skin of humans, and reduces resistance...

Sir I read with interest the study conducted by Karrari and colleagues regarding “Iranian crystal a misunderstanding of the crystal-meth” published in your journal.[1] In this study, the authors have explained that the pattern of substances of abuse is varied in different parts of the world, also in Iran, and the main ingredient of street named drugs is different according to city or country, f...

A continued investigation of pure substances which accelerate vitamin C synthesis and excretion in rats (1, 2) has shown that several new series of compounds are as active as the terpene-like substances reported previously. Individual compounds in the new series, many of which are widely used clinically and in experimental work, are much more active than any of the compounds referred to in earl...

Bacterial degradation of macromolecular DOM, aged under weakly photolytic conditions (daylight > 300 nm), was compared to that of the original compounds before and after provision of a cosubstrate. Bacteria, Pseudomonas sp., Flavobacterium sp., and Erkinia sp., and macromolecules (apparent mol wt 2 1,500) were isolated from the same lake water samples, one taken in winter and one in summer. Dec...

This paper aims to characterize the evolution of organic matter during the composting of municipal solid waste (MSW). During the 46-day composting process, six samples with different composting time were collected from Songjiang Solid Waste Biological Treatment Plant in Shanghai, China. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) was extracted by ultra-pure water, and the UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectra of DOM ...

Atoms and molecules are the classical discrete combinatorial objects. Thus combinatorial operation can be applied to the objects in their steady (equilibrium) state, and when the reagents considered in successive stationary states at each time point during the entire reaction. Thus combinatorial operations imply a stationary version combinable initial set of elements both in the presence of an ...

From the experiments above described it is evident that the viscous metamorphosis of the blood platelets in shed blood is intimately associated with the early stages of coagulation and that the presence of calcium is a very important element, though perhaps not absolutely necessary. No constant differences in this phenomenon could be detected with platelets or coagulating elements from the bloo...

The antigens in common use for the serological diagnosis of syphilis, such as the complement fixation tests and the various flocculation tests, are alcoholic extracts of ox heart usually sensitized with cholesterol. If, however, cholesterol is added to the crude alcoholic extract, false positive reactions are not uncommon. On this account it has become customary to purify the alcoholic extracts...